Encounter Point Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Encounter Point - Movie Review Example The issues of land and water are especially important factors since the region in which these countries lie has arid and semi arid conditions. Due to inadequacy of water, there has been a struggle concerning the control of water sources (Tesssler 67). Another factor that has contributed to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is the Muslim insurgency in the region. Most attacks in the Middle East are terrorist attacks whereby Israelis face growing attacks from insurgent militias and terrorist groups from all countries in the region in support of Palestine. In response, Israeli retaliates with attacks also. This has ensured that the Palestine-Israeli conflict has persisted for years despite efforts by the international community to quail the violence. However, the International community seems to favor Israel and this has worsened the peace in the region since the Arab world feels that Palestine is being fairly untreated. Despite numerous peace accords and ventures, the insurgency seems to be rising and enmity between these two states worsens. However, those that suffer are the civilians. Most of the attacks in the conflict are directed at villages, railway terminals, bus terminals, churches, and mosques etc, where many people assembl e. This has led to death and suffering of very many civilian Palestinians and Israeli (Tessler 68). This movie is based on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, whereby people have decided to use non violent means to solve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. People have decided that since it is civilians who suffer in the conflict, it is civilians themselves who can ensure that such conflict is suppressed so that peace prevails. The producers spent a total of 4 years in coming up with this documentary. Encounter movie examines the Palestinian-Israeli conflict in detail by analyzing the lives of various

The Illustrated Man Essay Example for Free

The Illustrated Man Essay Ray Bradbury wrote The Illustrated Man in 1951. The general context of that time in the USA had a powerful impact on the themes he chose to base his book on. The Second World War had seen horrific crimes against humanity, dictatorship and a change in family life which was due to both the huge number of dead fathers and the great technological development. Women started working more and more in jobs previously seen as exclusively male and appliances such as the washing machine and the vacuum cleaner cleared more time for the typical housewife. Affected and inspired by these circumstances, Bradbury wrote his 18 different stories in the book, exploring family life, technology implications and politics from extreme points of view. The stories chosen here to be discussed in a comparative and contrasting manner are The Veldt, The Rocket, Zero Hour, The Fox and the Forest and The Other Foot. The main reason for choosing these is their outstanding figurative representation and artistic input. Family life takes a new turn, as Bradbury presents in The Veldt, and it isnt positive. The father-son relationship deteriorates as we can see from their conversations. Even though the parents have done their best to fulfil all their childrens wishes, the final effect is a tense family relationship, mainly characterised by the childrens selfishness. Peter, the son, regards his father as nothing more than a sort of institution to fight against, rather than anything close to his heart. Whats wrong with Africa, Father? calling him Father, on multiple occasions after initially calling him Dad, Also, there is some verbal violence between them, as suggested I dont think youd better consider it any more, Father, I wont have any threats from my son! However, The Rocket provides a completely different picture. Although poor, all members of the family get along and support each other with respect. I go to Mars! He danced wildly. Thank you, Father!' The children are grateful for everything and love their parents. In opposition to Peter and Wendy from The Veldt, the children here are selfless. Another heavy element in Bradburys view of the future is the power of imagination. Once more, this is portrayed as evil or heavenly. In The Veldt the children end up killing their parents through the sole mean of imagination fuelled by the nursery. A similar scenario is suggested in Zero Hour where aliens abuse childrens rich potential for imagination to invade the perfectly defended Earth. A brighter story from this point of view is The Rocket, because the father uses the power of imagination and simulation to offer his children an amazing experience which would have been impossible to achieve in their materially limited reality. The technology bloom in the 1950s influenced Bradbury to magnify his vision of the future in terms of the way homes looked and worked, as well as space travel and time travel. The parents in The Veldt buy a Happy Home which does everything for them: cooks, cleans and rocks them to bed. This seems amazing at first, but they end up wishing they could leave their perfect home behind and start fresh in a regular house, Youre beginning to feel unnecessary, too, says Lydia. Bradbury uses figures of speech to represent this, emphasizing on personification of dead objects And although their beds tried very hard, the two adults couldnt be rocked to sleep for another hour, Also, it appears that children come to replace their parents with the nursery, I wish you were dead! We were, for a long while, The father realises that he and his wife havent spent enough time with their children, making them feel more attached to machinery, That sounds dreadful! Would I have to tie my own shoes instead of letting the shoe tier do it? The language Bradbury uses to describe the nursery is very effective. He uses the senses to emphasize the powerful reproduction of the African veldt, The hot straw smell of lion grass, the cool green smell of the hidden water hole, the great rusty smell of animals, the smell of dust like a red paprika in the hot air, The simile dust like a red paprika and the repetition smell give a good impression of the veldt, the heat and the strong odours in the air. Another technological vision present in Bradburys writings is space travel. In The Rocket, rich people are able to travel and live in space. This is shown as a part of their daily routine, as Bodoni watches the rockets every night and his children have rocket toys. Also, he is able to buy a ticket next day, emphasizing on the ease with which people travel in space. In The Fox and the Forest people are able to travel in the past, anywhere, Travel in Time, Inc., can costume you, put you in a crowd during the assassination of Lincoln or Caesar! This shows the extent to which Bradbury sees the technology rise. Perhaps the most horrifying element of the stories is war within the context of dictatorship and dystopia. A well-portrayed story from this point of view is The Fox and the Forest. Mexico is celebrating during WW2, Everything was good and sweet, the air was that blend of the dead and the living, of the rains and the dusts, of the incense from the church, and the brass smell of the tubas on the bandstand which pulsed out vast rhythms of La Paloma, The atmosphere in Mexico contrasts with the one in the future in the year 2155. The use of language here portrays a horrible world of war and dictatorship, A world that was like a great black ship pulling away from the shore of sanity and civilization, roaring its black horn in the night, taking two billion people with it, whether they wanted to go or not, to death, to fall over the edge of the earth and the sea into radioactive flame and madness, The repetition of the word black in black ship and black thorn signifies death, nothingness and everything evil; the simile A world [] like a great black ship pulling away from [] civilization, shows how the world has shrunk all its possibilities into a black vessel that no one can get out of. The world has lost all its spirit and joy, and all that remained was a continuous chain of destruction and manslaughter. This is a great way of representing dystopia. The political and social elements present in Bradburys The Illustrated Man reflect warnings to humanity, a potential Third World War and its imminence. In The Other Foot there is a strong reference to the racism experienced by black people during the 20th century. You remember how they hung my father on Knockwood Hill and shot my mother? Despite this, the story ends in a positive tone, reflecting Bradburys hope for the future, even in the event that most of it is destroyed. Now everythings even. We can start all over again, on the same level, Bradburys views of the future contrast on all levels, peace and war, wealth and poverty, good families and bad families. In his dark visions there is always a spark of light and in his most utopic views there is a pinch of evil.

Can Fiction be Philosophy? Essay -- Literature Papers

This paper examines the relation between philosophy and literature through an analysis of claims made by Martha Nussbaum regarding the contribution novels can make to moral philosophy. Perhaps her most controversial assertion is that some novels are themselves works of moral philosophy. I contrast Nussbaum’s view with that of Iris Murdoch. I discuss three claims which are fundamental to Nussbaum’s position: the relation between writing style and content; philosophy’s inadequacy in preparing agents for moral life because of its reliance on rules; and the usefulness of the moral work engaged in by readers of novels. The evaluation of these claims requires a discussion of the nature of philosophy. I find that Murdoch and Nussbaum agree on the ability of literature to contribute to moral understanding, but disagree on the issue of what philosophy is. Therefore, they disagree on the question of whether certain works of fiction are also works of philosophy. I argue tha t the task Nussbaum assigns philosophy is too broad. Through the use of critical and reflective methods, philosophy should examine and sort moral claims. Literary, philosophical and religious texts contribute to moral eduction; keeping them separate helps us appreciate their distinct contributions, as well as respect their distinct aims and methods. Therefore, I conclude that Nussbaum’s inclusion of certain novels in philosophy cannot be sustained. In a recent article, Richard Posner examines the notion, advanced by scholars in the law and literature movement, that "...immersion in literature ... make[s] us better citizens or better people." (1) The focus of his discussion is a set of assertions, including a number made by Martha Nussbaum, concerning the moral influenc... ...h draws the following distinctions: literature does many things, philosophy does one thing (has one aim); literature is natural, philosophy is counter-natural; literature arouses emotion, philosophy tries to eliminate emotional appeal; literature is indirect, philosophy is direct; literature has no problem to solve, philosophy seeks to solve a few technical and abstract problems; literature is concerned with aesthetic form, philosophy does not aim at formal perfection. Murdoch says that she sees "no 'general role' of philosophy in literature" (p. 242). (15) See Frank Palmer, Literature and Moral Understanding (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), chapter 8. (16) In considering what is characteristic of philosophy, I was helped by reading Derrida and Wittgenstein, by Newton Garver and Seung-Chong Lee, (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994), chapter 6.

Legalizing Marjuana Essay

The legalization of marijuana in the United States has been a major issue for several years. There are many opinions on this topic, some people don’t give marijuana a thought. Many people including most government consider marijuana a â€Å"bad drug†. Marijuana actually has many good uses. Marijuana should be legalized for medical purposes, to reduce America’s prison population and to boost the economy. The use of marijuana as a medicine is rapidly becoming popular in the treatment of various types of illnesses. Sixty-five percent of Americans were for legalizing marijuana for medical purposes (Update: Medical Marijuana). Every year there are different trials being done that prove marijuana has good medicinal use. Medical marijuana can be used in providing pain relief for people with different cancers and HIV/AIDS (Update: Medical Marijuana). It has been used to provide relief for nerve pain in patients with AIDS (Update: Medical Marijuana). Marijuana is also eff ective in treating nausea in cancer patients that go through chemotherapy. Some States have already legalized medicinal marijuana, while others are more reserved. Georgia just legalized the use of marijuana oils to be used for medicinal purposes. Additionally, people being arrested for marijuana is causing over population in the prison systems. Some people that support the legalization of marijuana think that law enforcement fighting the war against drugs should focus their attention towards other violent crimes or hard-core street drugs. Marijuana is the most widely used and prosecuted drug in the United States (Decriminalizing Marijuana). Ninety percent of the people arrested in 2007 were arrested for simple possession alone (Decriminalizing Marijuana). People that are being arrested for marijuana are being sent to jail/prison with violent criminals. Law enforcement could use a different way of dealing with people that are being arrested for marijuana like righting a ticket, inste ad of spending taxpayer’s dollars on sending them to prison. The over population in our prison system is a heavy burden on taxpayers. Furthermore, legalizing marijuana would be a major boost for the struggling economy. More people are in agreement with legalizing marijuana when the issue focuses on using it as a taxable substance (Decriminalizing Marijuana). There is such a demand for marijuana already that legalizing it could only boost the economy instead of hurting it. Unemployment has been a major issue in America today. Legalizing marijuana would generate jobs for thousands of people in various different fields of work. In addition, the tax revenue would benefit students of all ages by providing grants and scholarships for education. It has been estimated that legalizing marijuana would generate $10-$14 billion dollars in savings and tax revenue annually (Decriminalizing Marijuana). Instead of the government spending money on restricting the use of marijuana, they could make money off legalizing it. The government could tax marijuana just as they tax tobacco and alcohol. In conclusion, the times are changing, more states are agreeing to legalize marijuana, both for medicinal purposes and recreational use. Mar ijuana should not be treated any different from the way people treat alcohol and tobacco. Legalizing marijuana would benefit Americans for medicinal use, it would also decrease over crowding in our prison populations and help our struggling economy. It is time for our government leaders to become more open minded when it comes to the topic of marijuana. Works Cited Update: Medical Marijuana.† Issues & Controversies On File: n. pag. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 15 July 2009. Web. 28 Mar. 2014. . Decriminalizing Marijuana.† Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 25 Apr. 2011. Web. 28 Mar. 2014. .

Comparing Classical and Operant Conditioning Essay

I will be comparing classical and operant conditioning by explaining fear of heights. Fear of heights is known as Acrophobia. The phobia part does not occur until a person is in an environment that most people would be relatively fine in, such as attending a theme park or being in a building such as a sky scraper for example. Most of the time when treating someone with acrophobia therapists will use graded exposure therapy. Any fear starts by learning, so if a person has a fear of heights it is most likely due to an event that happened early on in life that made a dramatic change in the persons every day behavior, such as falling out of a tree at a young age. If a person has a severe phobia to heights behavior can vary. For example, a person can faint or have extreme anxiety when in an environment around heights. Another example to discuss, research does in fact prove that a certain amount of reluctance around heights is normal for humans and animals. In the 1960’s research psychologists J. Gibson and R. D.  Walker, conducted an experiment known as the visual cliff. The two researchers placed thirty six babies, one at a time on a counter top made of half solid plastic covered with a checkered cloth and the other half clear Plexiglas. Each baby would ponder when crawling and rely on the mother’s facial expression a happy expression would give the okay to keep crawling and an alarming look would signal the babies to stop crawling. This study shows that when we are faced to make an emotional decision people can be like the babies in the study done, we can remain on the counter top until we are faced with uncertainty. This study shows how cognition can be manipulated by emotion. So, if a person has a fear like heights, Psychologists often use conditioning or classical conditioning to help treat a person, because the fear is a learning process, and a person has to relearn which involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response. Doing this produces stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response. The visual cliff example given, is a great example of a conditioned response. If a person is influenced or is given a negative response it can contribute to fear and through life if more traumatic experiences follow eventually a person can be manipulated by the fear. The more negative reinforcement is involved the bigger the fear develops. For someone having a fear of heights, if the person knows they have to go somewhere a meeting for example, and they have to take an elevator to the 50th , floor, in that persons mind they are going to be going crazy with negative thoughts and feeling overwhelmed with anxiety. But, if the person tells themselves after it is done with â€Å"well what was the big deal? What was I so afraid of? †. That negative reinforcement turns into positive reinforcement eventually. This is known as operant conditioning. Sometimes medication for anxiety may have to be prescribed by a psychiatrist if the fear is so excessive. Talking about the fear is a good start, a psychologist can then determine if the fear was learned possibly through observation or if the fear was through a learned experience. If fear of heights is affecting a person’s environment then a change needs to be made in order help treat the fear. By using positive reinforcement and determining if the person’s behavior from the fear was caused by learning through experience or observed environmentally, it can help determine how to further treat the person. But, if the fear goes untreated the anxiety and stress from it will only grow bigger creating more of an issue for the person and being able to live their everyday lifestyle. Psychotherapy is very helpful in treating anxiety disorders and phobias . In order to treat acrophobia a person needs to find a therapist who can meet their needs. Therapists ill help focus on the best way to treat the person with this disorder, the most common way is using cognitive behavioral therapy. Restructuring a person’s thoughts into positive thoughts is another helpful tip used, and talking about the fear and identifying what is causing the fear to become so out of control, and lastly meeting on a regular basis and determining if medication is needed and seeing what the person with this fear can do in their everyday lifestyle to make themselves more comfortable until they are eventually feeling like they have control over the fear and the fear is no longer controlling them.

History of the book Emma by Jane Austen essay part 2Essay Writing Service

History of the book Emma by Jane Austen essay part 2Essay Writing Service History of the book Emma by Jane Austen essay part 2 History of the book Emma by Jane Austen essay part 2History of the book Emma by Jane Austen   essay part  1According to Neil Wenborn, â€Å"despite a proliferation of editions from the early years of the 20-th century onwards, R.W. Chapman’s edition of Emma, published by the Clarendon Press in Oxford in 1923 and reprinted at intervals since, remains the standard scholarly edition† (35). R.W. Chapman states that Jane Austen avoided the depiction of deep feelings (Chapman 6).In Lionel Trilling’s edition of the novel Emma, the editor provides the essay â€Å"Emma and the Legend of Jane Austen† that can be found in the introduction section of the riverside edition of the novel issued on 1957 in Boston. He states that in Emma, the author uses the genre of the so-called â€Å"intellectual idyll†, which has been identified by many critics, including Schiller. According to Lionel Trilling, Jane Austen is aimed at exploring the limits of intelligent lov e relationships and the conception of human interactions, which was described by Plato and Socrates (12). In his later collection Beyond Culture, he continues to explore Emma as a unique literary work, including his essay on Jane Austen’s criticism. He believes that Emma is aimed at teaching people, although he characterizes it as â€Å"a very difficult novel† (Trilling 12).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stephen Parrish’s edition of the book Emma was published in 1972. In this edition of the book, there is much bibliographical information. Stephen Parrish is focused on numbering the chapters from one to fifty five as it is a newer edition of the book, while older editions were based on the original text of the author, which restarted the numbers of the chapters at one with the beginning of each of the three books or volumes of the novel (Parrish 3).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition, the novel Emma was edited by Fiona Stafford in 2008. The book was edited with a comprehensive introduction by Fiona Stafford, providing much important information on the novel. This edition includes a chronology and additional suggestions for enhancement of the further reading of the novel (Stafford 3).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jane Austen’s talent was concluded in the ability to skillfully use free indirect speech combined with irony. She became one of the most influential and highly honored novelists not only in English literature, but also in World Literature. It has been found that in modern day culture, Jane Austen’s novels and the details of her personal life have been used as source for adaptation in films and theatrical productions. Thus, there are many adaptations for films and theater. Some of the recent adaptations based on the novel Emma were a great success with the public. Olivia Williams depicted Jane Austen in the BBC drama Miss Austen Regrets, which came out in 2007. Anne Hat haway portrayed a young Jane Austen in the film Becoming Jane which was produced in 2007. In 2010, Emma was used in a stage adaption by Michael Bloom at the Cleveland Play House, Ohio. In 2012, Emma was used as a stage adaption by Dr. Vicki Ooi of the Absolutely Fabulous Theatre Connection in Sai Wan Ho, Hong Kong.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The adaptations of Jane Austen’s Emma appeared not only in the UK, but also in the United States and other countries of the world. For example, â€Å"between 1970 and 1986, seven feature-length films or television miniseries, all British were produced based on Austen novel, in the years 1995-1996, however six additional adaptations appeared, half of them originating in Hollywood and the rest influenced by it† (Troost Greenfield 1). The advertising of films was based on the established Hollywood traditions. The researchers are interested in the way Austen’s novel Emma influence contemporary film productions, providing criticism of some elements of the plot, which leads to depiction of social inequality (Troost Greenfield 12). Practically all Austen films produced in the middle 1990s, like the novel Emma, provide ironic representation of romantic love and the reality of women’s lives. According to researchers, Jane Austen can be viewed a heroine of our times because she was a feminist with strong personality traits:Having all come out almost at once, and being aware of that, they direct themselves at audiences equally aware-people who have read about the films and the stars in newspapers and magazines, which also feature articles about what it means that Jane Austen is the heroine of our moment (Troost Greenfield 19).As irony is the major feature of our times, Austen’s novel Emma helps people to better understand the meaning of ironic ads, ironic articles, ironic poems, ironic sitcoms and other works that are produced today. Irony is closely connected with the expression of freedom. Although Jane Austen is considered to be a Romantic writer, she effectively uses irony to express herself (Haggerty 89).   According to researchers, Jane Austen is â€Å"a satirist or a novelist detached by definition from her society, and therefore, able to change the way readers see the world† (Troost Greenfield 19). However, it is necessary to understand the difference between the irony presented in the novel Emma and the irony of present day film adaptations. Today irony does not mean â€Å"saying one thing and meaning another† (Troost Greenfield 20). Austen’s irony is based on morale, while modern irony does not acknowledge morale. Austen’s novel Emma depicts simple form of morale. As a result, many film adaptations â€Å"have a single obvious, reiterated moral: that lovers deserve to enjoy one another, as viewers deserve to enjoy movies† (Troost Greenfield 20). Emma, the main character of Austen’s novel, was a beautif ul woman, but who was reluctant to marriage and family ties:She always declares she will never marry, which, of course, means just nothing at all. But I have no idea that she has yet ever seen a man she cared for. It would not be a bad thing for her to be very much in love with a proper object. I should like to see Emma in love, and in some doubt of a return; it would do her good. But there is nobody hereabouts to attach her; and she goes so seldom from home (Austen 22).One of the criticisms of the novel Emma is â€Å"formalist criticism† that is considered to be a â€Å"universal method† of skeptical commentators.   According to Frances Ferguson, the novel Emma helps to reveal different critical interpretations. In fact, these interpretations can be reflected in film adaptations. Ferguson’s analysis of Emma’s criticism highlights the role of formalist criticism, which demonstrates different ways, in which different readings and interpretations of the l iterary work have become the â€Å"subject of critical enquiry† (Ferguson 159). As a matter of fact, the language used by the critic is different from other critics’ essays on Emma, e.g. Tilling’s essay. Frances Ferguson is focused on the significance of the opinions, which relate to the novel Emma. Frances Ferguson’s criticism influenced the opinions of other literary critics, including contemporary critics. Gard Rogers is one of critics who discuss the role of Austen’s characters, including Emma, in film adaptations. In his essay â€Å"A few skeptical thoughts on Jane Austen and film†, he states that Austen’s novel Emma is appropriate for camera because films â€Å"use music to suggest, reflect and enhance emotion, often quite potently; and dialogue can be lifted straight from the text to specify dramatically† (Rogers 10).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Today, the novels written by Jane Austen can be found at the top of the list of the classic bestsellers. According to researchers, the international sales of books written by the English writer contribute to the increased rate of television and film adaptations. One of the well-known film adaptations is the â€Å"1996 Miramax blockbuster Emma, written and directed by Douglas McGrath and starring Gwyneth Paltrow as the heroine Austen† (Wenborn 36). The popularity of the English writer can be explained by Jane Austen’s naturalism in style of writing and in other elements of literary work. According to Thomas Henry Lister, the well-known novelist of the 19-th century, who used to write much about Austen and her novels, she â€Å"has never been as popular as she deserved to be† (qtd. in Wenborn 36). The novel Emma has become the subject for many other adaptations, including film adaptations (e.g. 1995 Clueless; 2010 Aisha), TV adaptations (e.g. 1948 Emma, live BBC TV broadcast, directed and produced by Michael Barry; 1954 Em ma, live NBC TV broadcast; 1960 Emma, live CBS TV broadcast; 2009 Emma, BBC miniseries, and some other TV adaptations) and several stage adaptations (e.g. 1991 Emma, a stage adaptation by Michael Fry; 2000 Emma, a musical by Stephan Karam; 2007 Emma, a musical by Joel Adlen; 2010 Emma, a stage adaptation by Michael Bloom and many other works). The film Aisha is a modern adaptation of the novel Emma produced by the Indian film company. Aisha is represented in the form of a romantic comedy film. The film was directed by Rajshree Ojha, starring Sonam Kapoor and Abhay Deol. This film adaptation points out to the fact that Jane Austen is highly acclaimed not only in the UK and the United States, but also in India. The plot of the novel can be applied to all times and generations (Wiltshire 111). According to Penny Gay, Jane Austen’s novel Emma reflects many scenes that resemble plays; therefore recent film and television adaptations have shown â€Å"how naturally dramatic her sto ries are† (3).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although the novel Emma has never been acclaimed as the most popular novel of Jane Austen’s works, many literary critics and scholars would agree that Emma may be regarded as the best literary work of the author â€Å"from the point of view of literary achievement†, which combined all the elements of Austen’s writing style, including irony, realism, morality, characterization, narrative style and tone. Today the novel Emma remains in print. Almost two hundred years people enjoy Austen’s writing, discussing the themes reveled in the novel and making conclusions reading the meaning of life, marriage and friendship. According to Laura M. White, Jane Austen’s Anglicanism reflects her engagement with the world of reality and romanticism. The novelist highlights the role of the cosmos and human nature (White 23). Although many readers are focused on projecting postmodern perspectives in the work Emma by Jane Austen, as she tends to reflect their own times, beliefs and values, Laura M. White argues that it is necessary to view Austen’s Anglicanism â€Å"through the lens of primary sources of the period, including the complex history of the Georgian church to which Austen was intimately connected all her life† (3). This approach helps to better understand the central conflict that existed between â€Å"Austen’s malicious wit and her family’s testimony to her Christian piety and kindness† (White 3).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it is necessary to conclude that the novel Emma by Jane Austen has influenced popular culture, as well as literature. Although the book is over a century and a half old, it has an enormous impact on readers today. The themes discussed by the author and the unique writing style provide an opportunity to have a better understanding of women’s desires and social response to feminist issue s (Debb 95). The novel Emma continues to be read by different audiences. Millions of people enjoy the novel and place emphasis on the critical responses provided by experts, literary critics, and everyone who loves literature. There are many critical essays, which represent impressive interpretations of Jane Austen’s novels. Actually, these critical essays and film, TV and scene adaptations â€Å"provide an emphatic testimony to Austen’s continuing importance and the ever-increasing pleasure afforded by Emma†(Stafford 30).

Biography of Musical Inventor Joseph H Dickinson

Biography of Musical Inventor Joseph H Dickinson Joseph Hunter Dickinson contributed several improvements to different musical instruments. Hes particularly known for improvements to player pianos that provided better actuation (the loudness or softness of the key strikes) and could play the sheet music from any point in the song. In addition to his accomplishments as an inventor, he was elected to the Michigan legislature, serving from from 1897 to 1900. The Life of Joseph H. Dickinson Sources say Joseph H. Dickinson was born in Chatham, Ontario, Canada on June 22, 1855, to Samuel and Jane Dickinson. His parents were from the United States and they returned to settle in Detroit in 1856 with the infant Joseph. He went to school in Detroit. By 1870, he had enlisted in the United States Revenue Service and served on the revenue cutter Fessenden for two years. He was hired at age 17 by the Clough Warren Organ Company, where he was employed for 10 years. This company was one of the largest organ makers in the world at that time and  made over 5,000 ornate inlaid-wood organs per year from 1873 to 1916. Some of their organs were purchased by Queen Victoria of England and other royalty. Their Vocalion instrument was a leading church organ for many years. They also began to manufacture pianos under the brand names of Warren, Wayne, and Marville. The company later switched to manufacturing phonographs. During his first stint  at the company, one of the large combination organs Dickinson designed for Clough Warren won a prize at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. Dickinson married Eva Gould of Lexington. He later formed the Dickinson Gould Organ Company with this father-in-law. As part of an exhibit on the accomplishments of black Americans, they sent an organ to the New Orleans Exposition of 1884. After four years, he sold his interest to his father-in-law and went back to the Clough Warren Organ Company. During his second stint with Clough Warren, Dickinson filed his numerous patents. These included improvements for reed organs and volume-controlling mechanisms. He was not the first inventor of the player piano, but he did patent an improvement that allowed the piano to start playing at any position on the music roll. His roller mechanism also allowed the piano to play its music in forward or reverse. Additionally, he is regarded as the main contributing inventor of the Duo-Art reproducing piano. He later served as superintendent of the Aeolian Companys experimental department in Garwood, New Jersey. This company was also one of the largest piano manufacturers of its time. He received over a dozen patents during these years, as player pianos were popular. Later, he continued to innovate with phonographs. He was elected to the Michigan House of Representatives as a Republican candidate in 1897, representing the first district of Wayne County (Detroit). He was re-elected in 1899. Joseph H. Dickinsons Patents #624,192, 5/2/1899, Reed Organ#915,942, 3/23/1909, Volume-controlling means for mechanical musical instruments#926,178, 6/29/1909, Volume-controlling means for mechanical musical instruments#1,028,996, 6/11/1912, Player-piano#1,252,411, 1/8/1918, Phonograph#1,295,802. 6/23.1916 Rewind device for phonographs#1,405,572, 3/20/1917 Motor drive for phonographs#1,444,832 11/5/1918 Automatic musical instrument#1,446,886 12/16/1919 Sound box for sound-reproducing machines#1,448733 3/20/1923 Multiple-record-magazine phonograph#1,502,618 6/8/1920 Player piano and the like#1,547,645 4/20/1921 Automatic musical instrument#1.732,879 12/22/1922 Automatic piano#1,808,808 10/15/1928 Music roll magazine

Stand By Your Ad Disclaimers on Political Ads

Stand By Your Ad Disclaimers on Political Ads If youve watched television or paid attention to your mail in an election year, chances are youve seen or heard one of those political ad disclaimers. They come in many different varieties, but the most common is a straightforward declaration by the candidate who sponsored the ad: I approve this message. So why do candidates for Congress and president say those words, which mostly state the obvious? Theyre required to. Federal campaign finance rules require political candidates and special-interest groups to disclose who paid  for the political advertisement.  So when Barack Obama appeared in a campaign commercial during the 2012 presidential election, he was required to state: Im Barack Obama and I approve this message. The political ad disclaimers have done little to bring transparency to many of the most negative political ads, though - those launched by super PACs and other shadowy special interest who specialize using dark money to influence voters. The rules also dont apply to political ads on social media. Studies have shown the disclaimers have done little to make campaigns more positive because candidates are increasingly brazen, coarse and unafraid to throw mud on their opponents, even if the claims are dubious and unsubstantiated. Origins of Stand By Your Ad Law The law that requires candidates to state I approve this message is commonly referred to as Stand By Your Ad. It is an important component of the  Bipartisan  Campaign Finance Reform Act of 2002, a sweeping statutory effort to regulate the financing of federal political campaigns. The first ads to contain the Stand By Your Ad disclaimers appeared in the 2004 congressional and presidential elections. The phrase I approve this message has been in use ever since. The Stand By Your Ad rule was designed to cut down on the number of negative and misleading advertisements by forcing political candidates to own up to the claims they make on television, radio and in print. Lawmakers believed many political candidates would not want to be associated with mudslinging for fear of alienating voters. I will bet this: there will be moments in the studios when the candidates say to the producers of the ads, Ill be damned if Im going to put my face on that, said Democratic Sen. Dick Durbin of Illinois, who was instrumental in getting the provision signed into law. Examples of Political Ad Disclaimers The Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act requires political candidates to use the following statements to comply with the Stand By Your Ad provision: I am [Candidate Name], a candidate for [office sought], and I approved this advertisement. Or:   My name is [Candidate Name]. I am running for [office sought], and I approved this message. The Federal Election Commission also requires television ads to include a view or image of the candidate and a written statement at the end of the communication. Political campaigns have gotten creative about circumventing the regulations, though. Some candidates now go well beyond the standard I approve this message disclaimer to attack their opponents. For example, in the 2006 congressional race between Republican U.S.  Rep. Marilyn Musgrave and Democratic challenger  Angie Paccione,  Paccione used the required disclaimer to go negative on the incumbent: Im Angie Paccione,  and I approve this message because if Marilyn keeps lying about my record, Ill keep telling the truth about hers. In a New Jersey Senate race that year, Republican Tom Kean inferred that his Republican opponent was corrupt by  using  this line to fulfill the disclosure requirement: Im Tom Kean Jr. Together, we can break the back of corruption. Thats why I approved this message. Stand By Your Ad Doesnt Really Work In a 2005 study, the  Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress found that the  Stand By Your Ad rule had no effect on respondents levels of trust in candidates or the ads themselves.   Bradley A. Smith, a professor at  Capital University Law School in Columbus, Ohio, and chairman of the Center for Competitive Politics, wrote in National Affairs that Stand By Your Ad was having negative effects on the political process: The provision has failed miserably to curb negative campaigning. In 2008, for example, researchers at the University of Wisconsin found that more than 60% of Barack Obamas ads, and more than 70% of ads for John McCain - that great crusader for restoring integrity to our politics - were negative. Meanwhile, the required statement takes up almost 10% of every costly 30-second ad - reducing a candidates ability to say anything of substance to voters. Research has also found that Stand By Your Ad has boosted the credibility of attack ads, having the opposite effect intended under the law. Researchers at the University of California-Berkeley’s Haas School of Business found that â€Å"the tagline, far from disincentivizing negativity in advertising, has actually made it surprisingly effective,† according to study co-author Clayton Critcher.

Nalysing the impact of Confucianism on customer behaviour and Literature review

Nalysing the impact of Confucianism on customer behaviour and perception of western brands - Literature review Example China has about 1.3million HNW individuals making it one of the most attractive wealth management markets and thus the high street fashion brands expand to China to make profits (BBC News, 2012). Sale of goods in china is exploding despite of tax importing the Chinese market. Online consumption of western product by the Chinese consumers by 11% in the next five years or so and sales of the brands will grow by twice by about 25% a year. China is the largest consumer of Louis Vuitton and accounts for about 15% of global sales (The Economist, 2011). The Chinese market have proved to be an important market for most of the western brands as the top five most recognised brands in China are imported overseas. In the Chinese market the top brands which have successfully made are Nestle S.A, Chanel, Samsung Group, Apple Inc, Sony Corp, Nike Inc, Starbucks Corp, Canon Inc and other brands. With other western and luxury brand such as Armani, Louis Vuitton and Gucci were also reported to show hi gh in rating among the western brands. Thus it was analysed and stated that China prefers foreign brands (China.org, 2012). The continued rise of consumers in China and rising demand for western brands has proved to be helpful for the luxury sector. The Chinese market is expected to become the leader in consumption of luxury brands by the end of 2014 and contributing about 40% of growth in the next 10 years overtaking Americans and the Japanese. China is predicted to have consumers who will be able to afford luxury brands and products (Smither, 2012). Americans fast food companies such as KFC, Mc Donald’s, Dunkin Donuts have succeeded in China and it is mainly because of the brand image possessed by them of being trustworthy and healthy. According to China market research group, the consumers view these brands as healthy as the Chinese fears tainted ingredients as compared to fats. Thus it quite clear that the way the consumers based in China tends to view the brands is diffe rent from how the brands are perceived in other countries. Thus the success depends on localising the brand. One such example is of Renault, which localised it product in order to appeal to the young professionals in China. The new initiative is to become part of larger trends of retailers who are offering localised services, special products to the Chinese consumers and access the lucrative market (Train, 2011). However there have been incidents when brands have not succeeded in creating brand image for the Chinese consumers. The main reason why brands tend to fail in China is they do not adapt to the concept of localisation of the product. Groupon which happened to close 13 of its stores in China is the latest example of western internet company to fail in Chinese market. The company failed mainly because of local understanding of the consumers, arrogance, management structure were the factors lead to failure of Groupon in China. These are the four main reasons for failure of Groo pons. Arrogance Groupon used to pay highest salary based on market standard and atract5ed the top employees of its competitors. The company also assumed that this

Film Critique-Bioethical Imperatives Scholarship Essay

Film Critique-Bioethical Imperatives - Scholarship Essay Example With this concern, the essay examines the bioethical issues highlighted in the plots of these two movies by comparing and contrasting them, at the backdrop of the present relevant theories. Correspondingly, four ethical frameworks, including ‘justice’, ‘rights’, ‘duty’ and ‘virtue-based ethics’ will be addressed in this essay while comparing the above two films. The movies â€Å"And the Band Played On† as well as â€Å"The Rain Maker†, both addressed certain bioethical issues that emerged in the early 20th century based on the then conducted medical research. However, the former was a drama based on the suffering of the people and their lack of consciousness, giving an indication of the gaps persisting in the conservative society, while the later complied with the dimensions of all mystery, suspense and drama. â€Å"The Rain Maker† movie elaborated on a financial crisis faced by a boy suffering from leukemia, who could have been saved if only the insurance company was on agreeable terms to pay for the bone-marrow transplant (Cohen, n.d.). Subsequently, the plot for â€Å"And the Band Played On† was majorly focused on the ethical issues surrounding the rapidly increasing rate of HIV infection in early 1980s, indicating the influence of political factors on such issues (Noonan, 2008). The bioethics reflected in the latter revolves around the dimensions of medical ethics and its loopholes under the impression of strong socio-political judgments (Sass, 2007). Depending on the bioethical imperatives, four ethical frameworks have been considered to compare and contrast the plots in the two selected movies. The justice-based approach implies that people should be treated according to their respective hard work. However, the present world reflects a huge imbalance arising from uneven social power or financial power delegations (Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, 2014). For instance, â€Å"The Rain Maker† focused on the inequality

Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Questions - Assignment Example Christianity triumphed in the Roman Empire following the unity that Christians exhibited. The religion remained open to new converts, thereby giving it the potential to grow and expand in numbers. At the same time, the influence of Christianity was significantly being felt across the empire and beyond. As a result, Christianity became integrated in the Roman Empire. Judaism, Greek philosophy, and Hellenistic mystery religions influenced early Christianity in one way or another (Marshall 132). They gave Christianity an aspect of organization, growth, and development, given the fact that they preceded the start of Christianity. The values they stood for also shaped Christianity. Morals that had been previously ignored by sects and prior religions were accounted for by Christianity. Christianity moved swiftly to embrace virtues across all its teachings, and so did Greco-Roman humanism. In some instances, flaws were overlooked in both contexts, although the extent to which the flaws were overlooked differed. On the same note, new ideas were influenced by just a few individuals who stood out over the rest. However, the practices of both Christianity and Greco-Roman humanism were based on different beliefs (Marshall

Critical Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Critical Discussion - Essay Example In discussing the influence of educational pioneers from social and political points of view, Ornstein takes positions as a progressivist on one hand (New-tone) and a postmodernist (Ultra-New-Tone) on the other. The arguments are centered around the effects of education, reflected in the society and the above quote, is used to support Mr Ultra-New-Tone's radical position. Michel Apple's statement may be understood to mean that, schools and other institutions of Education have a significant control over the social and economic systems, within which they operate. The justification for this is, schools are knowledge centers and their primary responsibility lies in the proper dissemination of knowledge. Most of child's life is spent in the school and what is taught here shapes their behaviors in the social system that they otherwise live in. The phrase 'cultural capital', can be used to encompass various types of knowledge, skills, talent etc, the possession of which provides a certain status in the society (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_capital). It can be thought of as the tangible and intangible effects of culture on the Society. In proposing that there are inequities in culture capi... It can be thought of as the tangible and intangible effects of culture on the Society. In proposing that there are inequities in culture capital, just as there is an 'unequal distribution of economic capital', Apple seems to imply that the current systems of education are the reasons why the inequalities exist and hence they need to change so that they can be overcome. Ornstein has used this implication in his argument supporting the radical view, that a revolutionary change in the system is required and that the focus be shifted from one of ranking and testing to one of freedom in learning. The basis of the arguments by the radicals stems from the fundamental belief that: the conservative philosophy in Education is too objective to be democratic whereas the radicals subjective approach broadens the scope of 'standards' and lends itself to be an ideal equalizer. The postmodernists also hold that continuous and rapid change is necessary to adapt to the exponential growth, in information that the contemporary generation is forced to keep pace with. According to Ornstein, what is implied by Michael Apple's rather dramatic statement that 'schools ... shape our lives and take control over us', is that 'in the technological societies' that we live in, it is imperative that, radical reforms are made with an immediate sense of urgency. The Postmodernists versus the Educational Pioneers and Progressivism The debate about whether radical reform is required, to narrow the perceived inequality in distribution of knowledge or if this can be better achieved by adhering to time-tested principles laid out by educational pioneers can be conducted on various planes: (1) Effect that

Effects of e-Business on Project Mgt, Supply Chain Mgt, Retailing, Term Paper

Effects of e-Business on Project Mgt, Supply Chain Mgt, Retailing, Entertainment & Manufacturing - Term Paper Example On the other hand, technological advancement led by this globalisation strives to offer a sustainable competition advantage to gain upper hand position in the market. In this regard, e-commerce and e-business are the most significant technological boon for the entire business world. e-Business and e-commerce are linked together as Parazoglou commented that e-commerce is a form of e-business. E-commerce generally deals with buying and selling products through internet; whereas, e-business is â€Å"more generic term† and it encompasses entire business transactions like B2B, B2C, and B2G etc (Parazoglou, p.2). This paper will attempt to present effects of e-business on multiple areas of business including project management, supply chain, retailing, entertainment and manufacturing. The discussions mainly focus on pros and cons of e-business on the stated areas. 2. Effects of e-Business on Project management Project management is a set of activities aiming to achieve specific proj ect objective by proper â€Å"planning, scheduling and controlling† (Lewis, p.7). ... on technology (ICT) is an integral part e-business, through a number application multiple projects are conducted for achieving better accuracy within timeframe. The entire process of project management can be executed through a web based platform. 2.1. Advantages A web based project management backed by e-business are better in many ways that the traditional desktop of manual based systems. Dikbas and Scherer have identified a number of benefits of e-business for project management and these are listed below. It leads to improve the communication system in process of project management. It reduces the RFI (request for information) by enhancing the accessibility of necessary and relevant information. It is also helpful in shortening project’s overall life-cycle period. It enhances the ownership concept through high quality accountability and transparency. It helps to maintain records by proper documentation (Dikbas and Scherer, p.439). 2.2. Disadvantages Along with major advant ages, implantation of e-business also leads to developed certain challenges and drawbacks. It must be realised that use of technology have its certain weaknesses and hence, the web based project management backed by e-business also suffers from the same. Some of these weaknesses are stated below. The dependency of web connections like internet, intranet etc increased heavily and non-availability of such infrastructure are greater threat to success of a project. There are possibilities that due to issues in web- browsers, recurring payments increased. There are greater risks to loss of data due to failure of application due to technical errors. It also requires higher capital investment which becomes major weakness for small organisations. 3. Effects of e-Business on Supply chain management Govil

Critical Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Critical Discussion - Essay Example In discussing the influence of educational pioneers from social and political points of view, Ornstein takes positions as a progressivist on one hand (New-tone) and a postmodernist (Ultra-New-Tone) on the other. The arguments are centered around the effects of education, reflected in the society and the above quote, is used to support Mr Ultra-New-Tone's radical position. Michel Apple's statement may be understood to mean that, schools and other institutions of Education have a significant control over the social and economic systems, within which they operate. The justification for this is, schools are knowledge centers and their primary responsibility lies in the proper dissemination of knowledge. Most of child's life is spent in the school and what is taught here shapes their behaviors in the social system that they otherwise live in. The phrase 'cultural capital', can be used to encompass various types of knowledge, skills, talent etc, the possession of which provides a certain status in the society (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_capital). It can be thought of as the tangible and intangible effects of culture on the Society. In proposing that there are inequities in culture capi... It can be thought of as the tangible and intangible effects of culture on the Society. In proposing that there are inequities in culture capital, just as there is an 'unequal distribution of economic capital', Apple seems to imply that the current systems of education are the reasons why the inequalities exist and hence they need to change so that they can be overcome. Ornstein has used this implication in his argument supporting the radical view, that a revolutionary change in the system is required and that the focus be shifted from one of ranking and testing to one of freedom in learning. The basis of the arguments by the radicals stems from the fundamental belief that: the conservative philosophy in Education is too objective to be democratic whereas the radicals subjective approach broadens the scope of 'standards' and lends itself to be an ideal equalizer. The postmodernists also hold that continuous and rapid change is necessary to adapt to the exponential growth, in information that the contemporary generation is forced to keep pace with. According to Ornstein, what is implied by Michael Apple's rather dramatic statement that 'schools ... shape our lives and take control over us', is that 'in the technological societies' that we live in, it is imperative that, radical reforms are made with an immediate sense of urgency. The Postmodernists versus the Educational Pioneers and Progressivism The debate about whether radical reform is required, to narrow the perceived inequality in distribution of knowledge or if this can be better achieved by adhering to time-tested principles laid out by educational pioneers can be conducted on various planes: (1) Effect that

Following the publication of the Government's Sexual Violence against Essay

Following the publication of the Government's Sexual Violence against Children and Vulnerable People Report in July 2013 Using - Essay Example This paper seeks to analyse the SVCVP report as it was presented in July 2013. In view of this, it will highlight main features and the trends that have been realised in the operations as per the concerns of the different stakeholders involved in its implementation as well as future proposals. A few groups have been noted to champion the liberation of children from sexual pests. Some of these are; The National Group, Department for Children, Local Safeguarding Children Boards (LSCBs), Department of Health (DH) and other trusts that make sure that the children would be safe. Ministerial Statement The statements as were addressed by the Minister of State for Policing and Criminal Justice indicates that the government was truly involved in the operations on implementation of the act. His statements on the severity and obscenity of the violence meant to insinuate that it affects everyone in the society. Much as different societies have different cultural beliefs, issues relating to sexua l matters are purely universal. The statement that political issue can never handle the matter fully sends the idea that this is an issue that should be handled at the ground levels. The ground levels as proposed by Leach (2003) include all the socialization agents namely the family, school, church, mass media and peer groups. This is because sexual violence takes place in different forms and should therefore be understood by the different social groups in the society. Other violence oversight groups as indicated above have a role to play in mitigation of the rights of young children in the society. Sexual matters are of grievous concern and they also have a historical bearing meaning that the different agency groups mentioned may try to reach the grounds upon which these vices are created and developed. From an analytical perspective, it is therefore sound to intertwine the knowledge observed by the ministerial statement to the works of Friere (1998). It was indicated that lack of a co-ordinated and inclusive action by the society will render the actions of stopping the unethical practices void. Review of the National Group The national group was a collection of experts in policy making that was brought together and tasked with the work of looking into the history of matters related to child abuse. Why was formation of this group necessary? According to the observations of Francis, Skelton and Archer (2002), every matter that touches on a need for social change requires a homogenous approach. It would be better, in their perspective, if this approach is a co-ordination from the national centre. The co-ordination would create an integrated approach to the matter bearing in mind the different socio-cultural differences. From the report, there are other programmes that had been set over the years to try and tackle the issue at hand. This means that the national group had a very important uniformity in responding to the distress calls from the different parts of the country. From the works of the group as indicated in the report, big progressive steps have been taken in addressing matters of sexual violence from the traditional perspective to the emerging issues in the same field. The emerging trends, as has been recently stipulated by Bauman (2001) refer to the perpetrators devising repulsion

Initial response to Malcolm X and Black Rage Essay Example for Free

Initial response to Malcolm X and Black Rage Essay In the essay, Cornel West tries to explain how Malcolm X’s â€Å"Black Rage† articulation wasnt directed at white americans only, but also to black americans who view their lives and minds through what West describes as â€Å"White lenses†. West also claims that Malcolm X’s idea of â€Å"psychic conversation† would promote blacks to turn that rage to love and appreciation of their own culture and self worth. Another claim West mentions is that the idea of psychic conversation struck fear into black professionals, due to their constant surrounding of white social circles, but at the same time understand the idea precisely for the exact same reason. West compares these kind of individuals to Du Bois’s idea of â€Å"double consciousness†. Blacks living between their own live and whites, never settle in either, yet crave acceptance mainly from whites. ! West also believed that Malcolm X viewed black equality as a farfetched possibility due to the majority of white racists, and black victims of democracy. What interests me the most is that Malcolm X feared cultural hybridity even though he, himself, comes from a hybrid culture. But eventually Malcolm X began to slowly remove that fear after looking into the acceptance of humanity regardless of race, class, or gender in the Islamic regimes of Muslims in the Middle East. In the end of the essay, West thinks that future generations should take Malcolm X’s â€Å"black rage† and â€Å"psychic conversation† as an example of rejection to any sorts of inequality. I strongly agree with West’s idea to follow such examples in order to achieve change in human equality and acceptance.

Political Environment And Social Environment Marketing Essay

Political Environment And Social Environment Marketing Essay We have chosen Nestle as the company that we would analyse in this assignment because Nestle is a big and well known company in todays era of globalization and very much people-oriented, and committed to understanding its consumers needs throughout the world in order to provide the best products for peoples lives which would make it easier for us to obtain and analyse the information about their marketing segmentation, market environment, marketing mix and background of Nestle. Furthermore, all our members, Chia Poh Ling, Lee Yue Xhing, Leow Jo Yee and Yvonne Tay are more familiar with this company, which would help to make analysing and discussions go more smoothly. Nestlà © S.A. is the largest food company in the world. It is a Swiss multinational nutritional, snack food, and health-related consumer goods company headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland. The worlds leading food manufacturer and the market leader in both coffee and mineral water, produces a wind range of products. As the leading Food, Nutrition, Health and wellness Company, Nestlà © is the provider of the best food for whatever time of day and for whatever time of your life. Nestlà ©s products include baby food, bottled water, breakfast cereals, coffee, confectionery, dairy products, ice-cream, pet foods and snacks. The main shareholders of worlds largest cosmetics company, LOrà ©al is Nestlà ©. The objectives of the Nestlà © S.A. are to be recognized as the world leader in Nutrition, Health and Wellness, trusted by all its stakeholders, and to be the reference for financial performance in its industry.  Ã‚  [1]   Nestlà © S.A is the worlds leading nutrition, health and wellness company with an unmatched portfolio of more than 2,000 global and local brands. It has 468 factories spread over 86 countries, and employs around 330,000 people. Its products are sold in every country in the world.  [2]  Its agricultural services provide assistance to improve the quality and yield of the raw materials it uses. In 1867, the infant began to take the milk food supplement Henri Nestlà © had developed, and a life was saved. The product, called Farine Lactà ©e Nestlà ©, was soon marketed throughout much of Europe, and a new brand name began to take on life. Henri Nestlà © adopted his own coat of arms as a trademark in 1867. Translated from German, Nestlà © is universally understood to represent nurturing and caring, security, nourishment and family bonding which is little nest and the now-famous symbol. The company Henri Nestlà © founded as it fulfills its commitment to Good Food, Good Life. In 1905, the Nestlà © Company merged with the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company, the first condensed milk factory which opened in Switzerland in 1866. Nestlà © entered into the milk chocolate business in 1904 when Peter Kohler Swiss General Chocolate Company produced milk chocolate under the Nestlà © trademark. The chocolate company later joined the Nestlà © Group in 1929. While the original business was based on milk and dietetic foods for children, the new Nestlà © grew and diversified its range of products, through acquisitions and mergers with the better known brands of the time.  [3]   Nestlà © began in Malaysia in 1912 as the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company in Penang and later, growth and expansion made a move to Kuala Lumpur necessary in1939. Since 1962, with  its first factory in Petaling Jaya, Nestlà © Malaysia now manufactures its products in 7 factories and operates from its head office in Mutiara Damansara. The Company was publicly listed on the KLSE now known as Bursa Malaysia Berhad on 13 December, 1989. Today, the Company employs more than 5000 people and manufactures as well as markets more than 300 Halal products in Malaysia. Its brand name such has MILO, NESCAFE, MAGGI, NESPRAY  and KIT KAT  have become trusted household names and enjoyed for generations.  [4]   Market Segmentation, targeting and positioning Market segmentation involves aggregating of prospective buyers into groups, or segments that have common needs and will respond similarly to a marketing action.  [5]  Nestle provide a wide range of nutritious food and beverages for everyone to practice a balanced and healthy diet and lifestyle. There are four types of major segmentation variables for consumer markets which include geographic, demographic, psychographic and behavioral. Segment marketing has given the company a clearer picture of their customers and competitors so that the company can come up with a more fine-tuned products and services that satisfied customers needs. Through market segmentation, targeting and positioning, Nestle can reach out to their customers more easily and serve their customers more effectively and efficiently. Segmentation We found out that Nestle classify their market by using geographic, demographic and psychographic segmentation based on consumer characteristics. In geographic segmentation, Nestle has divided their market into urban areas (cities) and rural areas (villages). Besides that, Nestle also uses demographic factor to segment its market, it consists on income level and educational level. The income level and educational level can be categorized as low, middle and high level consumers. Apart from that, Nestle uses psychographic factor to differentiate the market. The segmentation variables that Nestle uses are personality, social class and lifestyle. Nestle can groups individuals according to their personalities such as extrovert, self-disciplined or energetic. Nestle divides their customers into low social class, medium social class and high social class. Targeting A target market is a potential market that a company has decides to concentrate its marketing efforts and resources to enter those markets. Nestle segments its market by regions, income level, educational level, personalities, social class and lifestyle. By applying the information and observations that we get, we can simply identify the target market of Nestle. In this case, we found out Nestle focuses on urban areas rather than rural areas. The consumption of Nestle products is often in cities as compared to villages. This may be due to income and educational level. The people in rural area mostly could not afford the products of Nestle as it is considered as luxuries. They do not have strong sense of health consciousness due to educational background. This makes them the less attractive buyers. For segmentation by income level, Nestle has been targeting on those consumer who earn middle income and high income. People will purchase healthy and nutritious food and beverages when they have enough monetary resources to back up them. Those consumers with higher income tend to be the potential buyers for Nestle because they bring most profit into the company. Furthermore, for educational level Nestle tends to pay more attention to those consumers who has an education background. They will be more concern of their health and they will do more to maintain it. Through education, we can improve our knowledge and develop life skills which can contribute to individual and community health. Those people with an education background are more likely to practice and maintain a healthy and balanced diet as they know health is more important than wealth. For personality segmentation, Nestle is targeting consumers who are more outgoing and outdoorsy. It is because they require more energy and nutrition that they have lost during their activities. By adapting nutritional input to physical needs, they can get the most from their body.  [6]  These people wish to maintain their energy level and quick recovery after a hectic day by adapting a balanced diet that provides them with essential nutrients and energy. In addition, from the social class and lifestyle segments, Nestle is targeting consumers who are belong to the higher social classes. They have high purchasing power so that they can afford more luxuries such as Nestles products. These people are the target market of Nestle because they tend to be more health conscious. Nestles products often emphasize on nutritional value and health benefits that can improve ones lifestyle and health issues. As conclusion, Nestle is able to reach out to their customers that it can serve best and most profitably. Through segmentation and targeting market, Nestle can enhance the profits for their company and increase effectiveness in their marketing campaigns. Positioning Product positioning refers to the place an offering occupies in consumers minds on important attributes relatives to competitive products. Nestle positioned itself as  the world leader in Nutrition, Health and Wellness, trusted by all its stakeholders, and to be the reference for financial performance in its industry.  Ã‚  [7]  Nestle uses the slogan Good Food Good Life to enhance lives, throughout life, with good food and beverages.  [8]  Nutrition content in their products is the main focus to strengthen their leadership in nutrition industry. To remain their position in that industry, they must identify their competitive advantages against their competitors. Nestle has listed out four competitive advantages of their company that may help their company to compete with their competitors, that are unmatched product and brand portfolio, unmatched research and development (RD) capability, unmatched geographic presence and lastly people, culture, values and attitude  [9]   . For unmatched product and brand portfolio, Nestle provide the largest range of food and beverages among all the food company. Their products range from global icons to local favourites that can adapt to consumer needs, tastes and preferences, making Nestle as a global brand that relevant to everyone and everywhere. Besides that, it is supported by unmatched RD capability that improves the products through innovation and renovation so that it can meet consumer needs and enhances consumer benefits. Nestle spent over billions of dollar on its RD just to ensure its consumer gets the essential nutrition that their body needed. Nestle has an unmatched geographic presence competitive advantage due to the number of countries where they presence. They have been in most countries for over decades and successfully created a strong relationship between their brands and their consumers.  [10]  This also means that they have has plenty of time to study about the local preferences and behaviors to improve their products taste to match the locals preferences. The most important competitive advantage for Nestle is their people, culture, values and attitude. The Nestle culture created a strong bond between their people with a shared set of behaviors and values into a single way of doing business. Their people are determined to deliver their goals as while as creating value to the public.  [11]   Marketing environment Marketing environment consists of microenvironment (internal environment) and macroenvironment (external environment). It embraces all the marketing team inside a firm and includes all the outside factors of marketing that affect the teams ability to develop and maintain successful customer relationships with their targeted customer group.  [12]  Nestle is using it to improve customer relationship management and adapt new strategies when it comes to challenges and opportunities. Microenvironment Suppliers Suppliers are the one who delivered the resources needed by the company to produce the products or services to the consumers. Any problems that incurred in supplier can greatly affect the company sales and damage customer relationship. We can divide the suppliers of Nestle into two groups that are labour suppliers and material suppliers.  [13]  Labour suppliers are in charge of the supply of labour required by the company to optimize their production level. Labour strikes and labour relations are the most important factor to maintain labour satisfaction for company to improve their efficiency. For material suppliers, they deal with the materials needed by the company to place the finished goods on rack. The quality of the material is everything that the company focuses on as Nestle is in the food and beverages industry. By maintaining the quality and quantity of these two supplies, Nestle is able to produce high quantity product to uphold their sales volume and customer satisfact ion in the long run. Marketing intermediaries It helps the company to promote, sell and distribute its product to the final buyers.  [14]  The physical distribution firms design the delivery chain for the company products to reach their final destination. The firms also in charge with the products safety without getting any damage while storing them temporarily. Marketing service agencies of the company helps to target and promote its products to the right market.  [15]  It acts as a communication channel between the customers and the company by explaining the features of the product and providing feedback with the help of survey for the company to improve the quality of the product.  [16]  Banks and insurance companies are financial intermediaries that help to provide monetary resources and protection to the product and company against risk that may be occurred during the operation of the company. Nestle works together with all marketing intermediaries to ensure their valuable customers have a clear image of their p roducts features. Customer Nestle sells its goods to reseller markets that provide the goods to final user at a reasonable profit. Nestle also deals with customer markets which consists of individuals and households that buy a wide range of its products. Nestle works hard on making the product available whenever the customer needs them to maintain customer satisfaction. Macroenvironment Political environment and Social Environment Nestle adhere to the laws and regulations that involve in its activities and the environment. The government may set quotas on the quantity of the products that it can supply and set the amount of taxes that the company must pays in order to conduct the business. To achieve a balance between them, Nestle participates in legislative and regulatory discussions between international organizations, government representatives, industry, scientific community and consumer associations.  [17]  In 2000, Nestlà © and other chocolate companies created the World Cocoa Foundation. The WCF takes control of the issues that cocoa farmers facing, which is ineffective farming techniques and poor environmental management. The WCF aims to increase farmer income, promote sustainable farming techniques, and launch environmental and social programmes.  [18]   Economic environment Customer purchasing power is majorly affected by a range of economic factors such as income levels, inflation, taxes, unemployment, exchange rates and mortgage rates  [19]  . The disposable income and living standard of a country may bring big business opportunities for Nestle or the other way round. Cultural environment Before Nestle start its operation in any country, it mainly focus on studying the societys cultural value, preferences and behaviors. This is because Nestle hopes its products can be accepted by the local with warm welcome and be competitive among other companies that operating at the same level.  [20]   Technological environment Technologies are the vital part of Nestle RD. Investment in technology will definitely help the company to reduce production cost and improve product quality. For example, Nestle have developed technologies that allow them to use natural vegetable oils instead of partially hydrogenated fats in Maggi  bouillon cubes and seasonings.  [21]  With the help of technology improvement, Nestle can create healthier products across their product range and thus improve health and quality of life in a country. Product We choose Nestlà ©Ã‚ ® since it is a brilliant and well known example of where as the superior quality, patented technology and basically selling directly to consumers and this whole business is growing rapidly.  [22]  The certified Halal status for all Nestlà © Malaysia products provides assurance and pledge that Nestlà © products are manufactured, imported and distributed under the strictest and tightest hygienic and sanitary condition in accordance, match to the Islamic faith.  [23]   The beverages offered by Nestlà ©Ã‚ ® is Milo, a jam packed with the natural goodness of malt, skimmed milk and cocoa for that great chocolatey taste loved by Malaysians from all walks of life as a Tonic Food Drink. MILO 3in1 offers the great taste of MILO in a more convenient format that easily prepare for your breakfast. Have a delicious goodness of a can of Milo whenever you go to keep energized. There are original, Mocha and Hi-Cal flavors of Milo Can. Bring home the cold delicious taste of the MILO Sejuk, just add cold water, its that easy. Milo UHT, MILO with the same energy-packed, rich chocolatety taste also comes in handy ready to drink packs escpecially during festival. Nestlà © has employed a wide-area strategy for Asia that involves producing different products in each country to supply the region with a given product from one country such as Nestlà © produces soy milk in Indonesia, coffee creamers in Thailand, soybean flour in Singapore, candy in Malaysia, and cereal in the Philippines, all for regional distribution. Product Features Why do you like Milo? This is because Milo contain varying features and benefits, such as: Natural Goodness~ of malt, skimmed milk, and cocoa. ACTIGEN-E~ a combination of 8 vitamins and 4 minerals which helps in theoptimal release of energy. PROTOMALT~ a malt extract with a mixture of different Carbohydrates thatprovides energy and nutrients the body needs  [24]   Product Branding It is very important and vital because a brand is a term, name, sign, symbol, or design, or combination of these, that identifies the products or services of one seller or group of sellers and distinguishes them from those of competitors.  [25]  Branding helps the seller to segment markets, helps buyers and consumers identify products that might benefits them. For example, rather than just offering one general product to all customers, Nestlà ©Ã‚ ® can offer the different Koko Krunch, Honey Star, Nestle Bliss, Nescafà ©, Maggi, Nestle La Cremeria, Tropicana, and Kit Kat. In line with the Nestlà © position as a trusted food, nutrition and wellness company, Nestlà ©Ã‚ ® also focused on nourishing Malaysians to achieve overall wellness and deliver their promise to bring Good Food, Good Life to the people from all walks of life.  [26]   Packaging In todays era of globalization, for consumers, refreshing, ready-to-enjoy drinks are part of an dynamic and energetic lifestyle whether at play, home or work. Going beyond healthy refreshment, convenience, and quality, Nestlà © works hard to ensure that all packaging including drinks packaging respects the environment. In 2009, Nestlà © was able to save 58995 tonnes of packaging  material (paper, board, plastic, glass, metal) through its efforts to prevent food waste, guarantee their high quality. The approach includes many steps such as: decrease the volume and weight of packaging materials using recycled making material in packaging content wherever realistic supporting local packaging recycling and energy recovery activities helping customer to understand and take action to recycle more packaging  [27]   Labeling Label, is a part of packaging to perform several functions like identifies the product or brand, describe several things about the product who made it, where it was made, when it was made, its contents, how it is to be used, and how to use it safely, and lastly is to promote the brand, support its positioning, and connect with customers.  [28]  Nutritionists and scientists  has corporate responsibility through food labeling, like Nestle has provided the details of the nutrients that the average person needs to consume each day, so that consumers could easily understand. The symbols on the Appendix were designed to show the amount of nutrition contains of Milo. Product Support Service Customer service is another element of product strategy, which can be a minor part or a major part of customer service.  [29]  Nestle, one of the worlds largest food and nutrition company, has been a popular food brand in India for nearly a century, which include head office, manufacturing plants and branch offices spread all over India. Nestle offers excellent customer support for their products and if you need any assistance from their customer support team, following information through browsing internet will help you to get in touch with Nestle customer care division easily and more quickly. Approach Nestle customer-care via online Visit  http://www.nestle.in/  and you can find information about many brands and products like Milk products and baby food, prepared products, beverages, chocolate and confectionaries, yogurts, drinks etc. If you have any request, query, interest, concern or complaint, submit the form at http://www.nestle.in/contact_us.aspx. You can submit Maggi related information at  http://www.maggi.in/contact_us.aspx. You can visit  http://www.starthealthystayhealthy.in/, which is a site special to mothers and new born babies. Place Place, also known as distribution and it involves company activities that make the product available to target consumers. It must be as conveniently available as possible that the customers want the product and service. Choosing the right product channel of distribution is key to the success of an organization because it will affect the sales volume of a company. This shown that selecting a place is very important and challenging for every company. Distribution Channel Nestle are subject intensive distribution where a firm tries to place their products into outlets as many as possible to meet the needs of consumers whenever. Nestle has developed distribution channels which to make sure the provision of products that the consumers able to purchase it whenever and wherever.  [30]  Hence, Nestle attempts to provide as many outlets as possible and expand it. Nestle uses two types of channel intermediaries that are wholesaler and retailer and it is convenient for Nestle because both channels have a lot of advantages in high number of ordering, short period of time to shipment, and have a large number of customers.  [31]   Retailer and wholesaler as their intermediaries between a producer and consumer where the products from the producer to the consumer through the retailer or wholesaler.  [32]  Nestle as the producer and distribute their products to wholesaler or directly to retailer then retailer sells the goods and products to consumer. Location Convenience Stores A small store which is located near a residential area or along the roadside and it usually open 24 hours such as 7-eleven, petrol stations, rest stops, and so on. Consumers can buy Nestle products at the convenience stores because Nestle tries to ensure the availability of products so that the consumers able to purchase it whenever and wherever. Consumers are more convenience and easily to buy Nestle products. Supermarkets A large, low-cost, low-margin, high-volume, self-service operation designed to serve the consumers total needs for grocery and household products such as Jusco, Tesco, Carrefour, and so forth. Supermarkets have a huge selection of products available for consumers at low prices. So, consumers can choose Nestle products which based on their needs then purchase it at low prices because supermarkets offer many choices for Nestle products compare with other small stores. Superstores A store much larger than a regular supermarket that offers a large assortment of routinely purchased food products, nonfood items, and services such as Walmart. Superstores stock huge stocks Nestle products purchasing them in large lots. So, the prices of products are cheaper. Consumers can take advantage of these price savings with buy a lot of various kinds of Nestle products such as Milo, Nescafe, Nestea, and so on. Consumers are saving greatly on time, effort, and money. Price A product price influences wages, rent, interests, and profits, of course some prospective customers are interested in low prices, where as another segment is more concerned with other factors, such as service, quality, value, and brand image. Nestlà © estimated and predicted the cost by doing accumulated production as if they produced mass production so it reduced their labored cost and other cost for production process its a big advantages and benefits of the Nestlà © company who produce large quantity of units. With the help accumulated and estimated the production Nestlà © Company has a low cost of production and high profit margin and Nestlà © Company selecting a price method of going rate price because their pricing near the competitor pricing. A good example is Nestle juices have a market leader in beverage industry and lastly Nestlà © set the final pricing related to their market competitors so Nestlà © price do not have impact on the company policy, and other marketing activities.  Ã‚  [33]   Flexible and elastic prices are the key factors of victory of Nestlà © in global market, for example Milkpak being the largest selling brand is being sold out at the same price as that of other lower quality products while maintaining its quality. Their marketing strategy includes a wide range of pricing strategy, and by doing this they can retain and keep their product rates at a sustainable position. Prices are affordable and have enough money to buy to almost all types of consumers as they have wide range of single product as in the case of beverages, fruit juices are affordable to low economy class and expensive tin packed beverages are also doing business in the market. Bulk purchase discount is also provided at the whole sale markets as well as at the market stores and besides seasonal price variations are also seen, especially in the case of chocolate products, either by upsizing at the same price or reducing the sale price.  [34]   Price Strategy Price strategy is a basic, long-term pricing structure, which creates the initial price for a product and the intended direction for price movements over the product life cycle. There are three type of pricing strategy which is Market-Skimming Pricing, Market-Penetration pricing. Nestle Malaysia at present practicing penetration pricing to market Milo which is away where Nestle charges a relatively low price for a product (Milo) at the beginning as a way to reach the mass market. Establishing Price Goal Marketers have two choices whether to use profit towards profit maximization or satisfactory pricing. The marketer need to have an understanding of trends and changes in the market place to set a goal, mission and vision. If Nestle Milo has decided to go for profit maximization objective, they must be able to afford large amount of investment. It is not difficult to follow competitors pricing but they may not have the best to think about cost, demand and changes in Product Life Cycle. So they have to require a careful and thoroughgoing analysis before setting the price.  [35]   Price Tactic Diagram 34-9c9f2ae321 Product Bundle Pricing In United States and Canada,  Hà ¤agen-Dazs products are produced by Nestlà © and come in several traditional flavors. The example of price bundling is Haagen-dazs, a company which is famous as

The Internet and the Justice System :: Government Judicial Web Cyberspace Essays

The Internet and the Justice System I. Introduction. The American legal system has faced many challenges in the past century, mainly due to population growth throughout the nation. The American ‘way-of-life’ has also changed significantly as a result. The legislative and judicial systems need to adapt to these developments. These include advances in information technology, particularly the Internet. This expanding communication network has created different behavioral patterns within our society. This paper will examine some of these changes and try to determine if indeed changes are in order. Issues will be presented from the public manager’s perspective and the position of the justice system, relative to their affect upon citizens. Is it necessary to institute some form of desirable control or regulation over the Internet? If so, will an inordinate amount of public freedom be sacrificed in the process? These questions will be addressed, along with analyzing present policy and possible directions for future legislation. II. The Internet Defined. Public Manager’s Perspective. The introduction of the Internet as an additional mass communication media has created new alternatives for information transmission. The ensuing popularity of the Internet has created many challenges that the public sector must deal with. Estimates in 1999 found that there are approximately 171 million Internet users worldwide (Group Computing, Jan/Feb 2000, p. 56). Change in the societal environment has made the Internet an integral part of the American economy. Privatization. An interesting historical paradox is that, although the Internet has U.S. Defense Department origins, it is scarcely perceived as a public utility by most users anymore. (Abrahamson, JMQC vol 75, no 1, p. 16) Public reaction to the specific and continuing privatization of the Internet has been anything but an organized protest. Greater portions of it have, in name as well as effect, become privatized by larger corporations. This includes Microsoft, the largest player in the nation’s information technology marketplace. This conglomerate is widely recognized as a commercial enterprise with well-documented monopolistic tendencies. Justice System’s Perspective. The justice system must consider the legal issues. New technology has led to a societal issue that must be interpreted in its relevance to the First Amendment. The justice system is supposed to guarantee the rights of every citizen, yet has instead elected to offer more protection to private entities first. These include private companies such as newspaper publishers or, in this instance, the private enterprises found on the Internet.

The National Forest Management Act

Writing Assignment Resource Management Policy The National Forest Management Act (NFMA) of 1976 is a federal law that reorganized, expanded and amended the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974, which called for the management of renewable resources on national forest lands. The National Forest Management Act requires the Secretary of Agriculture to assess forest lands, develop a management program based on multiple-use, sustained-yield principles, and implement a resource management plan for each unit of the National Forest System.It is the primary statute governing the administration of national forests. The NFMA had a particular focus in regulating when, where, and how much timber could be harvested and in requiring public involvement in preparing and revising the plans. In 1982 the NFMA published the Planning Regulations, a process that planned to integrate the many interests concerning the forests. There are ten major steps to this process.Identify issues , concerns, and opportunities (ICOs); Develop planning criteria; Collect data and information necessary to address ICOs; Analyze the management situation (AMS); Formulate a broad range of alternatives including a ‘no action, alternative; Estimate the effects of each alternative on the environment, the economy, and society; Evaluate alternatives by comparing how well each resolves the ICOs; Select a preferred alternative; Implement the plan by updating all uses of the forest into conformity of the forest plan; and monitor and evaluate the plan by comparing the actual biological effects of the plan to the projections.The NFMA has started many legal suits regarding the degree of involvement required by both the forest service and the public, but the most famous was the Ohio Forestry Association v. Sierra Club. The Sierra Club claimed that the logging practices allowed in the Wayne National Forest in Southeast Ohio were unlawful under NFMA because the Act requires ongoing input an d management from the Forest Service.The Court rejected the claims of the Sierra Club and stated the Forest Service is not an agency required to perform ongoing action or involvement in the forest plans. BIBLIOGRAPHY: * Pegg, J. r. â€Å"Bush Converts National Forest Management to Corporate Model. †Ã‚  Environment News Service. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. ;http://www. ens-newswire. com/ens/dec2004/2004-12-23-10. html;. * â€Å"National Forest Management Act of 1976. †Ã‚  Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. ;http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/National_Forest_Management_Act_of_1976;.

A Pilot Study On Classroom Observation Education Essay

Chapter 4This chapter describes a pilot survey conducted after the preliminary survey and before the chief survey. It begins by a brief debut given in subdivision 4.1, followed by treatments on the sample choice, observation agenda and pre and station session interviews in subdivision 4.2. Section 4.3 covers the schoolroom observations. Gesture cryptography, including the written text, coding jobs and policy, and consequences of the cryptography are included in subdivision 4.4. Discussion and decision concentrating on schoolroom observation and metaphoric gestures are covered in subdivision 4.5. The chapter ends with the deductions for the chief survey explored in subdivision 4.6.4.1 About the Pilot StudyThis pilot survey built on a old little graduated table preliminary survey ( chapter 3 ) . The purposes were: ( a ) to see existent clip schoolroom observation ; ( B ) to prove out and better the observation agenda and interview inquiries ; ( degree Celsius ) to research whether Chin ese music instructors used metaphoric gestures and if so, what these metaphors were and where they were used ; and ( vitamin D ) to prove out and develop metaphoric gesture designation processs. The focal point was limited to music Sessionss in junior high schools because in the preliminary survey, more metaphors were found from the junior degree than from the simple degree. The information of this pilot survey were transcribed from three general music Sessionss taken by Wang, a music instructor in a junior high school in Taiwan.4.2 Before the Observation4.2.1 Sample SelectionSituated in a in-between to upper-middle category suburb of a major northern metropolis, Wang ‘s school was founded in 1988, with 4,268 pupils and 113 categories in 2006. It is considered to be a large school, comparative to the official norm of 1,299 pupils per junior high school in Taiwan for the school twelvemonth 2005-2006 ( Department of Statistics, Ministry of Education of Taiwan ) . The informations were collected in general music categories with pupils aged between 12 and 14. Each category contained around 35 pupils, and talk was the lone type of interaction observed. The consequences of t he preliminary survey showed that metaphor denseness may differ because of learning content. Therefore the Sessionss observed for this pilot were limited to music theory, music history, and music grasp. Wang ( a anonym ) had received her MA in musicology four old ages antecedently and since so had been learning music in the same junior high school. Bing really open-minded about taking portion in research and being observed, Wang was one of the really first music instructors I contacted for the preliminary survey. Since so she had been helpful in replying my inquiries and supplying me background information about the state of affairs of music instruction in junior high school degree in Taiwan. After the preliminary survey, I emailed her to inquire her permission for me to come in her schoolroom and video-record a twosome of Sessionss, and she agreed to take part. Music lessons form portion of the Humanistic disciplines and Humanities class class in junior high schools in Taiwan ( see subdivision 2.4.1 ) , and hence music, humanistic disciplines, and executing humanistic disciplines portion one text edition. â€Å" The humanistic disciplines subdivision negotiations about utilizing different colorss to stand for the four seasons, and the music subdivision negotiations about Vivaldi. So it occurred to me that it ‘s a good chance to give a talk on the Baroque epoch and present Vivaldi ‘s The Four Seasons to them, † ( Wang, pilot interview 2 ) . At the clip when this study was written, MOE of Taiwan did non supply one â€Å" standard † version of the text edition, and schools were free to take the version they preferred. Wang therefore on a regular basis designed the content of her lessons. â€Å" The text edition references nil about the Baroque epoch so I make my ain PowerPoint slides to assist pupils set up the background cognition † ( Wang, the same interview ) . Teachers are allowed to re-arrange the order of the instruction contents and set related things together. In some schools, music instructors have to learn executing humanistic disciplines, but this was non the instance in Wang ‘s school, where there were three single instructors for the three bomber classs: music, humanistic disciplines, and executing humanistic disciplines.4.2.2 Observation Schedule and InterviewsAfter Wang agreed to take part in the survey, I explained to her about the research through electronic mail. She understood that the research was about schoolroom discourse and hence suggested me to put the observation clip at a hebdomad after the mid-term test, when she was approximately to present the Baroque epoch to her pupils. One month before the schoolroom observation, Wang and I met to discourse which classes to detect, including when I should get, where I should sit and how best to put up the recording installation. In add-on, Wang approximately explained what sort of schoolroom activities would be involved and what she intended to learn. Wang was told that the s urvey was about schoolroom talk and the thought was to detect a session with every bit much talk involved as possible. She hence suggested Sessionss chiefly covering music history and music grasp. This meeting is classed as pilot interview 1 ( for more inside informations, see Appendix B ) . A real-time observation agenda was designed, with a intent of associating the schoolroom activities and metaphor usage. As can be seen from the agenda ( see Appendix C ) , both start and terminal times of the activities needed to be specified and during each activity, runs of metaphors and gestures needed to be made, so that I could acquire a basic sense of where bunchs of metaphors and gestures most frequently occurred ( though in the event it proved about impossible for me to number them during categories, something which will be discussed subsequently in 4.6.1 ) . In add-on, the observation agenda covered: administration of the category, stuffs, and musical instruments used, and the linguistic communication used by the instructor and pupils. A general feeling of schoolroom ambiance would be noted as H ( high ) , F ( carnival ) , or L ( low ) to see if schoolroom atmosphere is related to metaphor usage. A follow-up interview ( pilot interview 2 ) with Wang was conducted after detecting the three Sessionss. The face-to-face semistructured interview took topographic point in Wang ‘s music schoolroom during her interruption, enduring 42 proceedingss. Again, I was permitted to enter it, and at the same clip made notes while Wang was speaking. A list of information or inquiries I planned to seek or inquire, translated from Chinese ( the linguistic communication used during the interview ) into English is appended ( Appendix D ) . In the interviews, information was sought about Wang ‘s educational background and working experience, and inquiries covered how Wang prepared for the category and aimed to explicate new constructs, how Wang thought about metaphors and gestures, and if she used them to assist her Teach. Mandarin Chinese was used throughout the interview. Notice that the Numberss are for the convenience of composing up the study ; the inquiries were asked without any specific order. During the interview with Wang, the above subjects were covered. To Wang, metaphor helped the pupils to link music and their day-to-day life experiences. She gave an illustration of the birds, Canis familiariss, spring air current, and summer boom in Vivaldi ‘s The Four Seasons. However, she did non normally interpret music in her ain manner when introducing or depicting it- † I merely interpreted the music in the manner which the composer marked on the music manuscript † ( Wang, pilot interview 2 ) . Although overall the interviews went swimmingly, it was realised that some inquiries were excessively general and more inquiries about metaphor and gestures were needed. Detailss are discussed in 4.6.1.4.3 During the ObservationFor the first session, I entered the music schoolroom with Wang around 15 proceedingss before the session began. Wang told me that because of the limited Numberss of music schoolrooms, music instructors in her school had to take bends utilizing them. It was Wang ‘s bend to hold one of the music classrooms that semester and hence she was allowed to remain in the room waiting for the pupils to get. The excess clip proved utile from the point of position of puting up the picture equipment. The chief equipment in the music schoolroom included a piano, an electronic piano, a chalkboard with clean musical staff, an LCD projector, a DVD participant, and a few classical instrumentalists ‘ portrayals and illustrations of musical instruments on the walls, etc. Wang had to supply her ain laptop. Figure 4.1 illustrates the layout of the schoolroom where the three observed Sessionss took topographic point. The two black circles on the top exposure indicate where the picture recording equipment was placed and where I sat. The picture recording equipment started to enter when the pupils started to walk into the schoolroom. It was non turned off until the category was dismissed and the schoolroom was empty. Neither the instructor ‘s nor the pupils ‘ seats were moved. As a nonparticipant research worker, I tried to maintain the schoolroom the manner it was without me. I sat at the dorsum of the schoolroom next to the picture recording equipment, to take field notes which might be helpful during the readying of the transcripts. Photographs were besides taken earlier or/and after Sessionss. The picture recording equipment started to enter when the pupils started to walk into the schoolroom. It was non turned off until the category was dismissed and the schoolroom was empty.Figure 4.1. Pilot survey: Music schoolroom scene.For most of the clip the pupils could non see me during the categories. However, there was one clip, while Wang corrected a pupil ‘s thumbing while playing the recording equipment, another pupil kept turning and gesticulating â€Å" YA † ( the V mark, with his index and in-between fingers of his right manus raised and the staying fingers clenched, palm facing outwards ; a really popular gesture in Taiwan when being photographed ) toward the picture recording equipment. Wang noticed it. She asked the pupil to stand up and present himself to the picture recording equipment, and encouraged him to give a solo public presentation for two bars, and so the session continued. This was the lone break caused by the research worker ‘s presence during the Sessionss I observed. The talk construction of the three Sessionss I observed was rather similar. It was because Wang designed and followed her ain instruction course of study for each twelvemonth of the pupils, and besides because the three Sessionss I observed were all in the same twelvemonth ( twelvemonth seven ) . The session started with playing the recording equipment. Wang reviewed the piece she had taught in the old session with the whole category and so selected a few pupils to stand up and play separately, in order to detect how much pupils had learned ( Wang, pilot interview 2 ) . Then she taught one new piece by showing and playing with the whole category. After the recording equipment playing, the talk portion â€Å" episode † ( Lemke, 1990 ) started. Wang began by presenting the recording equipment ensembles: bass, tenor, alto, soprano and sopranino recording equipments. Then she introduced some of import epochs in musical history, with a focal point on the Baroque. To this terminal, Wang gave pupils some background cognition about the features of the music, musical instruments, and some celebrated instrumentalists, before presenting Vivaldi and his concerto, The Four Seasons. By and large talking, the observation agenda proved easy to tag. Keeping records based on schoolroom activities made it easy to remember what happened in the Sessionss, and there was adequate clip to maintain records for most of the classs, except for the Numberss of lingual metaphor and gesture used. Second it became clear that some classs needed to be farther specified-this will be discussed subsequently in 4.6.1.4.4 Gesture CodingMcNeill ‘s strategy ( see subdivisions 6.3.2 for a reappraisal of the literature and 6.3.3 for a treatment, on gesture categorization systems ) applied in this survey required inquiring what significances and maps a gesture possessed. In other words, the classs were non based on merely one aspect of a gesture. For illustration, iconics and metaphorics were more semantically oriented, while deictics were more pragmatically oriented. Because of this, each class was non treated as discrete or reciprocally sole, but as holding characteristics that may b e present in changing grades, and perchance in combination. Therefore, the ultimate end of gesture cryptography is to place the extent to which each characteristic is present, instead than sort the gestures ( Eisenstein & A ; Davis, 2004 ; McNeill, 1992 ) . In this pilot so it is really of import to put up a cryptography policy to bespeak when to categorize a gesture by its significance and when by map. More inside informations are discussed in 4.4.3. Two programmers were involved in gesture cryptography in order to prove out McNeill ‘s process and increase the dependability of the survey. The other programmer, a alumnus pupil in the Department of Educational Studies at the University of York, was a native talker of Chinese with some cognition of metaphor holding conducted her MA research on the subject. McNeill ‘s three chief gesture categories-deictics, iconics, and metaphorics-were introduced before I asked her to categorize the gestures which Wang used. Due to clip restriction, merely a portion of the hearing to The Four Seasons from Wang ‘s first session was selected. The portion was chosen for its heavy distribution of gestures. It lasted for five proceedingss and ten seconds, with 35 gestures identified by me antecedently. More inside informations about gesture cryptography are discussed in 4.4.4.4.4.1 Data ChoiceDue to the limited clip available, merely one session was chosen for gesture cryptography. The ground for taking the first session was that although the construction of the three Sessionss was similar, the first session was more complete and covered all the activities from recording equipment playing, a talk on the Baroque epoch, to music hearing, with a more even allotment of clip, than the other two Sessionss. Types of activities affair here because if Numberss of gestures differ in different types of activities ( and it seems so from the consequences ) , affecting more activities in the informations can cut down the hazard of any possible gesture loss.4.4.2 Transcribing the DataBoth gestures and address were transcribed. Speech was transcribed to the full from the videotape in Chinese. The written text of gestures included three stairss: ( a ) place the motions that were gestures ( here gesticulations ) ; ( B ) place the shot of the each gesture ; and ( degree Celsius ) locate the boundaries of the gesture phases in the relevant portion of the phonological written text.4. 4.3 Coding Problems and PolicyThe consequences of the gesture classification from the two programmers were compared. Unlike deictics, which were all agreed by both programmers, iconics and metaphorics seemed to represent the more debatable classs. One of the illustrations was where Wang lifted her left manus at shoulder tallness with her thenar confronting up and wiggled her center, ring, and small fingers fast in bend when stating the word zhuangshiyin ( â€Å" shake † ; actual interlingual rendition: â€Å" ornament notes † ) . Although both programmers agreed that Wang was keeping an unseeable fiddle and playing the shakes, we however coded it otherwise. The other programmer coded it as metaphoric, because the referent of the gesture, zhuangshiyin, was interpreted as a lingual metaphor itself. I coded it as iconic because the gesture in fact was stand foring what was explicit in the attach toing address and therefore had a close relation to the gesture. This helped develop one of the coding policies later-gestures attach toing metaphors in address were non decidedly considered to be metaphorics. Another job related to the programmers ‘ differential focal points and readings of the same gesture. Wang said, â€Å" The boom came fast and went fast. Then it became quiet once more. † In the first sentence she began by traveling her left arm from left to compensate with the thenar confronting up and fingers curving and so moved the arm back to the left without altering the form of the thenar. For the 2nd sentence, she turned over her left thenar to confront the land with consecutive fingers and pressed down the thenar a small spot in the air. The different cryptography concerned the first sign phrase. When I coded them, I focused on the motions of the arm, which was moved from left to compensate, and so back to the left, which seemed to bespeak â€Å" came † and â€Å" went † in address. Therefore the gestures were coded as iconic ( instead than metaphorics, which was clarified subsequently ) . On the other manus, the other programmer focused on the form of the thenar, which changed from a thenar with curled to consecutive fingers. She interpreted the curling fingers as stand foring the â€Å" fast † in address, while the consecutive fingers represented the â€Å" quiet, † and so she coded them as metaphoric. What was stupefying was that none of us thought about construing the same gesture each other ‘s manner before holding the treatment. Our in agreement place was to category the gestures as iconics, because both of us agreed that it was more common to see such gestures looking along with â€Å" came † and â€Å" went † than â€Å" fast † and â€Å" quiet. † In add-on, what the other programmer received before coding might hold affected her. She used my written text of gestures while categorizing the gestures. Although the gestures were described in a descriptive linguistic communication, it was found subsequently that some of the written text was in fact subjective. For illustration, descriptions such as â€Å" the right manus drew a form of flash visible radiation † or â€Å" the left manus indicated composure † were already readings and they could be misdirecting to the other programmer. These jobs non merely predicted what may go on during the cryptography procedure for the chief survey, but besides helped develop the cryptography policy to be used, which is discussed below. Identifying Gestures In this survey, â€Å" gesture † specifically refers to gesticulation. Any thumbing the instructor used to show how to play the recording equipment, or the conducting gestures frequently used while the category was playing the recording equipment were beyond the range of this survey and excluded. The reading of Wang ‘s gestures was made from the research worker ‘s position, and it is deserving observing that this might differ from the reading from the talker ‘s or the addressee ‘s positions ( A. Cienki, personal communicating, June 3, 2008 ) . Metaphorics Metaphorical gestures were defined as gesticulations which present a more abstract referent in footings of a more concrete image and prosecute a cognitive procedure of understanding one thing in footings of something else. This definition dovetails moderately good with Lakoff and Johnson ‘s conceptual metaphor theory, the theoretical model on which this nowadays survey was built, and at the same clip does non belie the Pragglejaz definition of metaphorically used lexical points applied in the survey ( discussed in subdivision 3.3.2 and subsequently in 6.4.2 ) . One illustration is when Wang said gangqin de yinse yue lai yue xizhi ( â€Å" the timber of the piano becomes more and more delicate, † and gestured utilizing a unit of ammunition and half-open thenar confronting up attach toing the word â€Å" delicate. † Here, the gesture carries the double construction required by a metaphoric, in which the representation of the daintiness of the timber ( a more abstract referent ) by the gesture is presented as what appears to be an image of a bud waiting to open ( a more concrete base ) . Deictics versus Metaphorics Both McNeill ‘s deictics and iconics were re-defined for the present survey. Harmonizing to McNeill, abstract indicating gestures which imply a metaphorical image are besides included in the class of deictics. For illustration, gestures were used in my informations to indicate at an bing physical topographic point, but they referred to as an abstract construct of where the talker had been earlier. When Wang said â€Å" Did we merely say that ornament is popular in Baroque epoch, † she raised her left index finger to indicate to the â€Å" thought † which she merely mentioned in the same session. Pragmatically speech production, these gestures were indicating gestures ( deictics ) , but semantically speech production, the topographic point which the gestures pointed to was interpreted as someplace else based on the address context. In other words, such gestures engaged a cognitive procedure of understanding something ( the physical topographic point which the gestu re pointed at ) in footings of something else ( the existent infinite or thought which the middleman talked about antecedently ) and hence were classified as metaphoric. Iconics versus Metaphorics Gestures in a context where the Vehicle of a metaphor is explicitly flagged both by the custodies and by linguistic communication were classified as iconic. That is, if a instructor says â€Å" music is a container † and gestures a container, the gesture will be categorised as iconic instead than metaphoric because the gesture may attach to metaphor, but itself represents the actual signifier of the word â€Å" container † ; nevertheless, if the same gesture accompanies the sentence â€Å" we can experience the unhappiness in his music † , it will be classified as metaphoric. An effort was therefore made to separate between sign illustrations of verbal metaphors and gestures that were themselves metaphoric. This besides explains why the gesture â€Å" came † and â€Å" went † attach toing Wang ‘s vocalization of journey metaphor, â€Å" the boom came fast and went fast, † which was discussed before in this subdivision was coded as iconi cs instead than metaphorics.4.4.4 MethodAfter transcribing the address of the whole session, the picture infusion was watched by the two programmers individually, concentrating on merely the gestures. Every gesture Wang used was categorised into one of the three types of gesture: deictic, iconic, and metaphoric. It was decided to group the gestures into merely three classs instead than five ( including beats and cohesives ) because these three classs are more related to the focal point of the survey. Reasons for categorizing the gestures into three instead than two ( metaphorics and nonmetaphorics ) were that these were the three most popular gestures and that distinguishing deictic from iconic gestures would assist supply a better apprehension of what other types of gestures the instructor used along with metaphor in address besides metaphoric gestures. The 13.5 % dissension of the coding consequences between the two programmers was compared and discussed, until each gesture was classified into one of the three classs. The gestures were so highlighted on the transcript by utilizing three different colorss, to ease denseness and distribution analysis. Finally, maps of the gestures were noted.4.4.5 ConsequencesThe continuance of Wang ‘s direction in the recordings was 46 proceedingss, numbering 8,964 characters transcribed. In the session, 89 gestures were identified ; 43 % were iconics, 30 % metaphorics, and 27 % deictics. Every gesture was categorised. The distribution was such that over 75 % of them fell in the subdivisions on Listening to The Four Seasons ( 42 % ) and the talk on the Baroque epoch ( 35 % ) . Merely 1 % of the gestures occurred in the gap and the recording equipment drama subdivisions. Deictics Wang used deictics to indicate at objects. Her superciliums rose when she started the inquiry â€Å" Can you see the word, Baroque, in the text edition † and looked at the pupils. Her left index finger pointed forwards. Then when Wang said the focal point of the inquiry zhege zi ( â€Å" the word † ) , she raised her right manus and pointed at the screen behind her with her index finger. When she pronounced the word, â€Å" Baroque, † she turned her upper organic structure, half confronting the screen and looked for one second at the Chinese characters for â€Å" Baroque † written on the screen. Extract 11 [ a? †° c?†¹a? ° e ¬ ] a [ †° a? « eˆâ„ ¢aˆâ€ ¹ a ­- cs„ aZY?-†¡ ] i?YBaroquei†°Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬ °i?Y [ Ni you kandao keben ] shibushi [ you xie zhege zi de yuanwen ] ? Baroque, youmeiyou? [ you have see casebook ] ( Q ) [ have write this word ( DE ) etymology ] Baroque ( Q ) Can you see if the English word, Baroque, is in the text edition? However, deictics were non ever used to indicate to something concrete. For illustration, when listening to the first motion of The Four Seasons, Wang compared the fiddles ‘ shake to birds tweet in the spring. When she asked the category to pay attending to a certain portion of the tune, she repeatedly put her index finger of her right manus following to her right ear and pointed to the air. Wang kept reiterating this gesture whenever she tried to pull the category ‘s attending to the music. Therefore, it appeared to be the music she was indicating at, although it was non concrete, or even seeable at all. The undermentioned infusion is another illustration of indicating to the unseeable. Wang asked the category if they still remembered what instruments she had mentioned earlier in the same session. The first reply â€Å" cembalo † came from a pupil and every bit shortly as Wang heard it, she raised her right index finger, indicating. Wang so repeated the reply and gave her response, â€Å" really good. † It is arguable whether Wang ‘s finger was indicating to the word, â€Å" cembalo, † or the pupil who gave the reply, but in either instance the gesture was categorised as deictic. Extract 12 Thymine: ‘aˆ‘ a†°Ã¢â‚¬ º?†°? e ? µ?e cs„ ‚aâ„ ¢? †° aâ€Å"?a?†ºi?Y adult females gangcai shuo liuxing de yueqi you naxie we merely say popular ( DE ) instrument have ( Q ) What are the popular instruments we merely mentioned? Second: a ¤Ã‚ §e? µc dajianqin cembalo Harpsichord. Thymine: [ ] a ¤Ã‚ §e? µciaaie‚„†° a‘?i?Y [ ] daijianqin henhao haiyou Ne [ ] cembalo really good still have Q [ ] Harpsichord. Very good! What else? Second: a? ¦ ‚aâ„ ¢? xian yueqi threading instrument Stringing instrument. Thymine: [ ] a? ¦ ‚aâ„ ¢?ie?za ai [ ] xian yueqi feichang hao [ ] twine instrument really good [ ] String instrument. Very nice! Iconics Iconics were the most common type of gesture in Wang ‘s category, and most of them appeared in the talk on the Baroque epoch and The Four Seasons subdivision. Gestures bespeaking Numberss and for presentation frequently fall in this class. For illustration, Wang held both weaponries set in forepart of her thorax, with both thenars confronting the land and put her lingua out, when depicting a puppy sitting lazily in forepart of a house in summer, while listening to the 2nd motion of The Four Seasons: â€Å" Because it ‘s excessively hot, the doges put their linguas out, right? † In the undermentioned illustration, Wang compared the difference between the flute and recording equipment while she was explicating why the recording equipment was translated as zhidi ( â€Å" perpendicular flute † ) . A flute, nevertheless, is held horizontally by the participant which is why it is besides named hengdi ( â€Å" horizontal flute † ) in Mandarin Chinese. When she asked the undermentioned inquiry, she used both custodies to copy gestures of both flute and recording equipment participants, to underscore the different waies in which two musical instruments were played. Extract 13 e†¢Ã‚ ·c ¬Ã¢â‚¬ º a ®? [ c†º?e‘- a ] e‚„ [ ? ©Ã‚ «e‘- a ] i?Y changdi Ta shi [ zhizhe chui ] hai [ hengzhe chui ] flute ( 3SG ) is [ perpendicular blow ] or [ horizontal blow ] Make you play the flute vertically or horizontally? The referent of the gestures did non ever appear at the same clip when the referent was uttered in address. In Extract 14, Wang used her right manus to indicate to the pillars in the schoolroom on her right and so left side, when she was speaking about the architecture of the edifices in the school. After she pointed to the pillar on her left side, she used both her pollex and index fingers of the right manus and moved the arm heterosexual and vertically, up down and back up. These gestures were iconics, stand foring â€Å" consecutive lines † in address. Next, when she talked about the lines in Baroque edifices, she used her right thenar to do a simple â€Å" U † curve in the air. Here in gesture, the soft â€Å" U † curve motion was contrasting with the old gesture of traveling the right pollex and index finger vertically, but in address, the adjectival â€Å" curved † contrasting with the adjectival â€Å" consecutive † in the first line did non follow straight until the 3rd line. The gesture preceded the word that related to it semantically. It seemed to back up the hypothesis that although gestures and address were different ocular and verbal elements, someway they were in fact conceptually integrated in an thought unit ( Cienki & A ; Muller, 2008 ; McNeill, 2005 ) . Extract 14 [ ?Y ±a ­? a ] [ e c†º? c ·s cs„ ] i?Ya °?aa °?i?Yc ·s a c °?a- ® [ zhuzi shibushi ] [ dou shi zhi xiantiao de ] duibudui xiantiao biddy kiandan pillar ( Q ) all are consecutive line ( DE ) ( Q ) line really simple [ The pillars are ] [ in consecutive lines ] , are n't they? Very simple lines. a a ·Ã¢â‚¬ ºa†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ ?â„ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Y cs„ ?â„ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡aˆâ„ ¢ [ ?ˆZei?Y†e ce ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ia °?aa °?i?Y ] keshi baluoke shiqi de shihou [ zenmeWang bijiao fanfu duibudui ] but Baroque epoch ( DE ) clip ( Q ) more complicated ( Q ) But how approximately in the Baroque epoch? More complicated, is n't it? [ c ·s †e ? ¬? ] †° e? ±a ¤s cs„ ?†ºS? a °?aa °?i?Y [ xiantiao bijiao Army Intelligence ] you xuduo de quzhe duibudui [ line more good ] have many ( DE ) curved ( Q ) [ Lines are, good, ] more curving, are n't they? Metaphorics In entire, 30 % of the gestures were metaphorics and it was interesting that metaphorics occurred in about all the eight different schoolroom activities. The lone two exclusions were the gap and stoping comments which Wang made ; Wang used no gestures at all in her gap comments. SPACE AS TIME TIME IS AN ENITITY MOVING TOWARD THE SPEAKER is one of the conceptual metaphors shared by both English and Mandarin Chinese. For illustration, in Mandarin Chinese people say shengdanjiei kuailai lupus erythematosus, which means â€Å" Christmas is nearing, † and xingqitian guo lupus erythematosus means â€Å" Sunday passed. † Time is so thereby conceptualised as something traveling in infinite, and this can be seen even more clearly with gestures. Extract 15 was from Wang ‘s session when she introduced the different periods in musical history. She explained the order of the Renaissance and the Baroque. Firstly she raised her left arm, straightened out her five fingers, with the thenar confronting down, at about eyebrow tallness, and so moved her manus down to the tallness of her thorax. The two points in the infinite indicated the two different clip ranges in musical history and TIME is therefore represented as SPACE by the gesture. However, it is interesting in t his illustration that clip travelled in different waies in address and gesture ; in address, clip moved toward the talkers, but in the gesture it moved from up to down. In fact, the metaphor the gesture expressed here exists entirely in footings of gesture, non in address ( c.f. , subdivision 7.4.8 ) . That is, one would non state in Mandarin Chinese â€Å" the Baroque is at the underside of the Renaissance † to intend the same thing. Extract 15 -†¡e-?a? ©e [ e?Za?†  ?†°? a ·Ã¢â‚¬ ºa†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ ] wenyifuxing [ guolai cai shi baluoke ] Renaissance [ come yet is Baroque ] The Baroque comes after the Renaissance. SPACE IS IMPORTANCE Another conceptual metaphor suggested by the gestures is SPACE ( UP ) AS IMPORTANCE. This has a really close relation with the common conceptual metaphor in address: SIZE ( BIG ) AS IMPORTANCE. In Mandarin Chinese, district attorney ( â€Å" large † ) can be used as an adjectival to depict something of import. In Extract 16, Wang told the category that there were some of import periods in musical history. When she said that â€Å" there are some of import and large periods, † she lifted up her left arm with her unfastened thenar confronting down, so traveling increasingly downwards, stopped at different highs. Alternatively of ranking the periods from large to little by gestures, she ranked them from up to down. It was another illustration of different metaphors being used in address and co-speech gestures. Extract 16 eY‚ ? ­Ã‚ ·a a?S cs„ a?† Y a-† †° aaˆâ€ ¹ [ e†¡?e ¦?cs„ a ¤Ã‚ §cs„ ?â„ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Y ] yinyue lishi Shang de fenqi o you jige [ zhongyaode dade shiqi ] music history up ( DE ) period ( PRT ) have several [ of import large period ] About the periods in musical history, some are of import and large. Detached SPACES AS DIFFERENT PARTS OF AN EXPOSITION Metaphoric gestures which separate different parts of an expounding appeared more than one time, and although in address Wang ever said â€Å" FirstaˆÂ ¦moreoveraˆÂ ¦and thenaˆÂ ¦ , † she did non ever use the same gestures for them. Sometimes she gestured the Numberss â€Å" one, † â€Å" two, † and â€Å" three † even though she did non verbally say any Numberss. At other times, she merely turned over the other thenar from confronting the land to confronting upwards, when traveling to a new construct or thought in address. Such metaphoric gestures distinguish different parts of an expounding being made as separate ( downwards and upwards, or right and left ) infinites. For illustration, when Wang reviewed the chief points she had mentioned in category about Vivaldi, and asked the category to compose the chief points down in their ain text edition, she said â€Å" firstaˆÂ ¦moreoveraˆÂ ¦and thenaˆÂ ¦ , † and gestured wi th her right index finger indicating to different fingers of her left manus, to bespeak alterations of subject.4.5 Discussion and Conclusion4.5.1 Classroom ObservationLesson construction and activities involved Figure 4.2 shows the comparative sum of clip Wang spent on different activities across the three Sessionss. The two chief activities were recorder playing and a talk on the Baroque epoch, which between them accounted for about 2/3 of the entire clip. Besides Wang spent 15 % of clip listening to The Four Seasons with the category. The two parts where metaphors and gestures were used most frequently were the talk on the Baroque and listening to music, which took more than 2/5 of a session.Figure 4.2. Pilot survey: Relative clip spent on activities across Wang ‘s 3 Sessionss.Gesture usage and schoolroom ambiance For schoolroom ambiance on the agenda, three degrees were defined: high ( H ) was recorded when the category showed enthusiasm and the dB degree in schoolroom was high. Fair ( F ) was noted when merely a portion of the category responded to the instructor and the remainder remained soundless. Low ( L ) indicated that the category was quiet and seemed non to pay attending to the instructor, or when silence occurred after inquiries. It is of import to observe that the three degrees were comparative instead than absolute.Figure 4.3. Pilot survey: Gesture frequence and schoolroom atmosphere.It was assumed that there would be a positive correlativity between the figure of gestures and schoolroom atmosphere. However, the three boxes in Figure 4.3 show the topographic points where the two factors suggest a negative correlativity. It seemed that in the parts of talk where Wang used a certain figure of gestures did non needfully do the category more enthusiastic about their acquisition. One o f the possible accounts was that more gestures were made due to the low schoolroom ambiance. Interviews Both the interviews I had with Wang before and after the category Sessionss were face to face and semistructured. Most inquiries I had were unfastened inquiries. Making the interview semistructured allowed me to make a more natural talk ambiance without jumping the inquiries to which I wanted replies. The instructor would so be free to speak whatever their feelings and/or ideas were toward certain inquiries. At the same clip, nevertheless, I needed to maintain an oculus on both clip control and interview way to do certain I got the replies to the planned inquiries. Normally I did non disrupt Wang but tried to direct her dorsum to the subjects when she began to speak something unrelated. By and large talking, Wang ‘s replies were consistent because she echoed her ain point of positions when giving replies to different inquiries. For illustration, when asked how she prepared to explicate new constructs ( inquiry six ) , she indicated that music did non be entirely and a instructor had to assist pupils construct up the whole context in footings of clip, topographic point, and how people lived and thought at that peculiar clip, in order to understand a piece of music. She emphasised that music and other artistic signifiers such as architecture and humanistic disciplines were closely related, which she kept adverting when replying how she decided if the stuffs were suited for the category ( inquiry five ) and why music instruction was of import to her ( inquiry two ) .4.5.2 Metaphorical GesturesFunctions of Metaphoric Gestures In Wang ‘s Sessionss, different maps of co-speech gestures were examined and the followers were the three chief 1s found: ( a ) to underscore, ( B ) to visualize, and ( degree Celsius ) to put up. First, gestures helped underscore what Wang wanted to state. Normally underscoring gestures accompanied a verbal look incorporating Numberss, which highlighted different facets of a subject. These gestures could be metaphorics or iconics. They were used when the instructor helped the pupils to either prevue the chief points or reexamine the chief thoughts which were traveling to be introduced. These gestures seemed intended non merely to assist indicate out the of import chief points, but besides to do it easier for the category to follow the instructor ‘s expounding. Deictics which pointed out the subject being talked about in address besides seemed to underscore points and promote hearers to pay more attending to the subject. Second, gestures were used to visualize the abstract. Wang made a large horizontal â€Å" S † form with her left arm when stating the category that the tune they were listening to was depicting the spring zephyr. The metaphoric gesture all of a sudden made the line of the tune seeable. Besides, in Extract 14, Wang drew consecutive lines in the air while she was explicating the simpleness of the school ‘s edifice compared with Baroque ‘s complication. These iconics therefore helped visualize the abstract thought of simpleness. Finally, gestures were used by Wang to show ( positive ) feedback. As shown in Extract 12, alternatively of indicating to any pupil after Wang asked the inquiry to put up a specific pupil to reply, she pointed after hearing the response from the pupils. Almost every bit shortly as she completed the gesture, she repeated the reply from the pupil. It seemed that Wang ‘s finger was activated by the voice which produced the reply, and the index finger stopped in the air and headed in the way of where precisely the reply had come from. By making so, the attending of the category was drawn to the reply, followed by the positive response, â€Å" really nice, † made by Wang to the pupil concerned. Relationss of Metaphoric Gestures and Speech As the focal point is on metaphor and metaphoric gestures in this survey, Table 4.1 shows the dealingss between vocalizations and co-occurring metaphoric gestures. The consequences support the findings from other surveies in English ( Cienki, 1998 ; Cienki & A ; Muller, 2008 ) .Table 4.1Relationss Between Utterance and Co-occurring Metaphoric GesturesRelationss Example Notes 1 The same metaphor expressed in address and gesture â€Å" The timber of the piano becomes more and more delicate. † The gesture depicts a beginning sphere ( â€Å" delicate † ) in address by a unit of ammunition and half-open thenar confronting up. 2 A metaphor expressed in gestures but non in the co-occurring address â€Å" FirstaˆÂ ¦moreoveraˆÂ ¦and thenaˆÂ ¦ † The index finger of one manus points to the fingers of the other manus. The metaphoric gesture distinguishes different parts of an expounding being made by stand foring them as separate infinites. 3 Different metaphors expressed in address and gesture â€Å" About the periods in musical history, some are of import and large. † ( Extract 16 ) Address and gesture portion the same mark sphere of the metaphor ( of import ) , but the beginning sphere is characterised otherwise in address ( large ) and the gesture ( high ) . 4 Metaphors expressed by gestures ne'er appear in lingual signifier in Mandarin Chinese â€Å" The Baroque comes after the Renaissance. † ( Extract 15 ) What the gesture expresses here is that â€Å" Baroque is at the underside of the Renaissance. † Such an look is non usually used in address to intend that the Baroque comes after the Renaissance.34.6 Deductions for the Main Study4.6.1 Classroom ObservationResearcher ‘s function as a non participant Although my purpose was to maintain the schoolroom as it was before my entry, this was about impossible to make. As shortly as a pupil noticed that there was a alien in the room, things became different. Some pupils reacted to Wang ‘s inquiries more actively ; some tried to acquire Wang ‘s attending more enthusiastically than of all time, which I did non gain until Wang indicated the fact in category. Some pupils besides kept turning about during the Sessionss to see what I was making while others were funny about my reaction when a gag was told. Wang seemed to be natural in forepart of the video-recorder. She rarely looked at the video-recorder and in the three Sessionss I observed for two yearss, no particular reactions because of the presence of the video-recorder were found. Young mentioned that she had been observed for several times by the other instructors ( pilot interview 2 ) , and it might explicate why she looked rather natural in forepart of it. From the research worker ‘s point of position, come ining schoolrooms is a necessity for this survey because it allows one to acquire a better thought of the schoolroom ambiance and the context, which can non be wholly caught by watching a videotape, allow entirely an audio tape. However, it can be hard to judge if the information collected are affected due to any camera consequence ( Mackey & A ; Gass, 2005 ) . Classroom observation will stay the chief method of roll uping informations for the chief survey, and farther treatment on its job and how to undertake it in the chief survey is given in subdivision 5.10. Observation agenda The observation agenda helped me to track the procedure of each session during and after Sessionss. With the agenda, it was easy to turn up where I was in the session whether I sat in the schoolroom or watched the recorded picture at place. Overall the prepared observation agenda proved easy to tag. The classs ( activity, start and terminal clip, Numberss of lingual metaphor and gesture, participant administration, stuffs, instruments, linguistic communication used, and schoolroom atmosphere ) of the observation agenda were clear, although some needed to be clarified or deleted. It proved impossible to maintain accurate runs of lingual metaphors and gestures during the three Sessionss, even though I forced myself to seek to make it for a short period of clip during one of the Sessionss. Therefore this was non used for the chief survey. Some classs need to be redefined. There was a categorization named â€Å" Individual † in the participant administration subdivision ( see Appendix C ) and when I designed the agenda, I was believing about points where the instructor spent her clip on merely one peculiar pupil. That is, the instructor might travel following to the pupil or inquire the pupil to come to her, doing it clear that a certain period of the instructor ‘s clip was being devoted to one individual pupil. However, during the three Sessionss, this sort of single administration ne'er happened. Alternatively, another sort of single administration kept looking. Wang would speak to one peculiar pupil in forepart of the whole category. Although the conversation was non limited to the two ( Wang and the pupil ) , it was decided to code it as â€Å" single † participant administration. It was decided for the chief survey to include both the above types of participant administration as â€Å" single. † Classs of images and audio tape confused me at first during the observation. The chief stuff Wang used in her categories was PowerPoint slides, and the slides included non merely text, but images and sounds. It was decided that the categorization â€Å" images † should be extended non merely to palisade charts or postings, but besides to images provided electronically. The categorization â€Å" audio tape † was modified to â€Å" audio sound, † which included sounds whether provided by PowerPoint or by the piano played by Wang in category. In add-on, the categorization â€Å" PowerPoint † was added. Hence, when Wang showed a image of a Baroque palace via PowerPoint, both classs of â€Å" image † and â€Å" PowerPoint † were ticked. The class of â€Å" schoolroom ambiance † was deleted for the chief survey because focal points of the survey were modified and schoolroom ambiance was no longer an issue in the chief survey. A modified observation agenda based on the pilot survey for the chief survey is appended ( see Appendix E ) . Interview inquiries After the pilot interviews, it was discovered that inquiries six and eight were excessively general for the interviewee to reply. Furthermore, none of the inquiries was about gestures and hence this needed to be added. Besides, for inquiries four, five, and six, alternatively of inquiring the general state of affairs, inquiries were modified to promote the interviewee to reply based on the Sessionss being observed, instead than give general statements which the interviewee thought s/he â€Å" was supposed to make. † Finally, the order of the inquiries was rearranged to make a better flow of the conversation, although it was ne'er fixed. A list of modified inquiries for the chief survey is appended in Appendix F.4.6.2 Gesture CodingGesture Coding In this pilot, the other programmer was provided a transcript with both address and gestures. For the chief survey, the other programmer will be provided video cartridge holders and a written text of the instructors ‘ address merely. S/he needed to transcribe gestures get downing from placing stages of them to avoid the subjective reading of my description of the gestures. It can be really hard to code gestures without video-recording the Sessionss, and even with the picture, it can still take a batch of clip to reiterate playing one cartridge holder until gestures are decently transcribed. Both ocular and audio information are important, for the former records the motion inside informations without being interpreted into words, while the latter provides the address context. Overall, gesture classs are defined non merely by the manus gesture but besides by the function of gesture within the lingual context. Therefore it is about impossible to code gestures by kinetic motion informations entirely, and it is one of the grounds why gesture cryptography can be both clip and attempt consuming.