Sociology Beliefs of the Supernatural - 677 Words

Religion is an assortment of beliefs that a certain group upholds, and decided to have faith in it. There are a lot of religions in the world, each with their own belief. The beliefs here usually are a set of teachings of what’s right and what’s wrong. Some beliefs also explain extraordinary events that happen, like what happen after you die? Or, how was this world created? Typically, these beliefs and explanations usually came from one supernatural source: God. Most religion believed that God is a supernatural being that creates the world and also mankind. They also believed that He/She is watching us, writing our deeds and sins, while deciding what He/She should do with us next. In the past, religion has always been beneficial towards human beings, as it guides us through 6000 years, telling us what is good and what is bad. It also teaches us morals and kindness towards other people. It also helps groups of humans co-operate and live side-by-side. A lot of countries in the past also depend on the doctrines of religion to solve their governmental problems. But, in the modern era of the world now, religion has begun to lose its holiness, because a lot of people have used religion as an advantage, either to control, war, oppress and etc. All of it then produces never-ending conflicts, social diversification, even stopping science from advancing. Religion can factor a conflict to happen, if not; it fuels conflict that already existed, making it worse. This is really ironicShow MoreRelatedSociological Perspectives on Religion Essay example991 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Religion is a ritualized system of beliefs and practices related to things defined as sacred by an organized community of believers.† (Basirico et.al. 379). Religion is an important element in the society because it influences the way individuals act and think. It has shaped the relationship and bonding among families as well as influenced the decision made in economics and politics. Religion in general has contributed to shape a society and a government structure which will influence the way theRead MoreEmile Durkheim s Influence On Society850 Words   |  4 Pagesattending a rabbinical school at a young age but eventually decided not to continue on that path and instead became an agnostic. He eventually went on to become a philosophy teacher and is c onsidered to have played a pivotal roll in the rise of sociology. Durkheim believed that society shaped every aspect of human thought and behavior. He promoted the importance of society and suggests that without it things like art, family, laws and morality could not exist. He insists that although we are allRead MoreIs Education An Agent Of Socialization? Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pagessocialization on individuals. Using religious studies, I would look into the varying views of different beliefs and their definitions of what education, knowledge, and success should mean to a human being. By collaborating my knowledge in both religious studies and sociology to compare the ultimate purpose and meaning of educational success in regards to both societal standards and religious belief, this research can serve as a step towards improving the issue of adolescent stress in the modern AmericanRead MoreEmile Durkheim and The Science of Sociology Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pagesa long family line of rabbis, he had planned to follow in that profession. Durkheim was known as the Father of Sociology. He was a liberal, a modernist, and a nationalist. He was a very ambitious man; this ambition was illustrated by the accomplishments he made over the course of his life. During the conflict surrounding the Dreyfus Affair, Durkheim used the new field of sociology to try to make sense of society and the world around him. The Dreyfus Affair was a government cover up framingRead MoreDurkheim on Totemism1573 Words   |  7 Pagesreligion, his notion of Social facts, (upon which his theory is constructed) must be examined. Durkheim advocated that amongst the reputable fields of biology, psychology and history, Sociology also warranted a specific focus. It was, for him: a sui generis something that had to be explained on its own terms. Sociology was not, for Durkheim, a field that should be susceptible to overlapping subject matter: he believed that there existed concrete social facts recognisable by the power of eternalRead MoreA Multi National Organization, And Religion1684 Words   |  7 PagesScientology are usually found in what is generally regarded as religion. Social scientists insist that although the movement took the title of â€Å"church† especially to be recognized as a religion, which does not say anything about the status of their belief systems. In fact some social scientists contend that Scientology is setting the trend for religion for the 21st century. However, critics maintain that Ron Hubbard declared Scientology to be a religion because it was a good way to make money andRead More1.According To Seidman There Is Three Types Of Styles Of1116 Words   |  5 PagesEmile Durkheim who are both classical sociological theorists. The theories I will be focusing on for Comte the three stages of thought. Emile Durkheim’s evolutionary theory of society and progression of society. Emile Durkheim, sociology aim to discover social facts and sociology study phenomenon attribute society at large than limited to an individual. There are two types of societies â€Å"primitive† and â€Å"modern, organized†. Primitive is unified by mechanical solidarity. Primitive societies exhibit simplicityRead MoreFounding Fathers of Sociology1417 Words   |  6 PagesSociology is the study of social behaviour. Our behaviour is patterned in certain ways and sociologists study these patterns and differences in a scientific manner. The study of modern sociology, the objective and systematic study of human behaviour and society, only began from the late 1700s onwards (Giddens, 1989, 1993, 1997, 2001). The origins of this science can be linked to the two great revolutions that occurred in Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth century Ââ€" The French Revolution of 1789Read MorePositivism Essay978 Words   |  4 PagesPositivism Positivism is a scientific approach to sociology (the science of society As Keat and Urry (social theory as science, 1975) note: Positivism is concerned only with observable phenomena. It involves establishing law-like relations between them through the careful accumulation of factual knowledge. This occurs by means of observation, experimentation, comparison and prediction. The terms sociology and positive philosophy (positivism) were both coinedRead MoreSociology Emile Durkheim and Max Weber1495 Words   |  6 Pagesinterested in the social order of society as the core characteristic of modernity. In 1887 Emile Durkheim became the first Professor of Sociology at the University of Bordeaux, even though there was no department of sociology developed. (Bessant amp; Watts, 2007) In France there were many war casualties by World War I. The goal of Emile Durkheim was to develop a sociology that would help his country to conquer its continuing moral crisis. In achieving this he would encompass many themes of his predecessors

The Fashion Revolution of 1789-1799 Essay - 1323 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Between 1789 and 1799 France was going through great turmoil. Immense political and social upheavals were commonplace in the changing nation. New ideas were growing, ideas of freedom, government and of self-expression. Such new attitudes by the people gave rise to a new style of clothing. The clothing became more expressive and more ornate. People began to dress the way they wanted. French soon became the center stage for fashion. The French revolution, while failing in many aspects did one thing no one expected. The French revolution created a new image of fashion in France. There are several reasons that contributed to this occurrence. New beliefs of freedom, equality and self-expression each contributed†¦show more content†¦Curves became fashionable and in many cases tailors took it to the next level, producing the dell shaped full gown, what would have been thought of as vulgar and showy only a few years before. With this new freedom offered to t he people by the French Revolution the fashion grew form restrictive top loose and changed style long after. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;New beliefs in equality also made a major contribution to the new image in France. No longer did class separate the people. When the working class took over everything turned upside down. While ornate and colorful clothes had once been only for the nobles and upper class, the new attitudes of equality became commonplace in all society, and no limits were held including the limits on clothes. There was no longer a specific line between what people of each class could were. Now businessmen could dress like a noble, and a noble could even dress like a peasant. With the introduction of machines that could mass-produce clothes, the costs for even the most ornate items greatly dropped. For a long time suits, especially with three pieces were a sign of the richest and gentlemanly people of society. With the introduction of a new coat called the frock coat, â€Å"designed as part of a three piece suit† (Yarwood, 223), everything changed. Even the common men no w had the ability to imitate the richer people of their society. While many times this would not be allowed, in order to keep a fine line between the classes, with theShow MoreRelated Jacques Louis David Essay2128 Words   |  9 Pages David was the virtual art dictator of France for a generation. Extending beyond painting, his influence determined the course of fashion, furniture design, and interior decoration and was reflected in the development of moral philosophy. His art was a sudden and decisive break with tradition, and from this break modern art is dated. David studied with Vien, and after winning the Prix de Rome (which had been refused him four times, causing him to attempt suicide by starvation) he accompaniedRead MoreThe Rise Of The Revolution1063 Words   |  5 PagesMany revolutions have taken place throughout human history. Conflict is almost inevitable, as human beings have had a tendency to thirst for power since the beginnings of civilization. With the rise of monarchies, the â€Å"divine right of kings†, and social caste systems, disgruntlement with the government from subjected citizens is probable. A mean for substantial and exponential changes to the â€Å"system† is by way of revolution. Revolutionaries often are victims of suffering and hardships, imposed uponRead MoreEssay on French Neo Classical988 Words   |  4 PagesThe French Neo Classical era of theatre has influenced today’s society in a number of ways including woman’s fashion, dance, architecture and theatre performance. We have seen this throughout history and it still has continued into today’s society. The term Burlesque is usually thought of as slightly naughty theatre produced and performed between the 1700s and World War II. Webster defines it as a literary or dramatic work that seeks to mock by means of bizarre embellishment or comic imitationRead MoreThe Revolution : A Public Seizure Of The State Essay1616 Words   |  7 Pagesassociations with the term ‘revolution’ for many it can be agreed that revolutions tend to happen after people are unhappy with the way things are handled within an institution. To be more specific, it s important to acknowledge that the definition according to Patrick H. O’Neil, writer of the Essentials of Comparative Politics, a revolution is a public seizure of the state in order to overturn the existing government of regime (O’Neil 2010: 214) . There are many examples of revolutions throughout historyRead MoreThe Portrait Of Madame De Pompadour1348 Words   |  6 Pagesand extravagant lifestyle of the chief mistres s of Louis XV. The painting was created prior to the French Revolution, which took place from 1789 until 1799, when the monarchy had not yet been banished. Many scholars believe that it was the extreme expenses of the French court’s lifestyle and king’s warfare that led to the detrimental economic recession that became the catalyst of the revolution. Its lavish spending and political neglect as well as moral depravity on the king’s behalf characterizedRead MoreThe Portrait Of Madame De Pompadour1451 Words   |  6 Pagesand extravagant lifestyle of the chief mistress of Louis XV. The painting was created prior to the French Revolution, which took place from 1789 until 1799, when the monarchy had not yet been banished. Many scholars believe that it was the extreme expenses of the French court’s lifestyle and king’s warfare that led to the detrimental economic recession that became the catalyst of the revolution. Its lavish spending and political ne glect as well as moral depravity on the king’s behalf characterizedRead MoreThe Real Cause of the French Revolution Essay1710 Words   |  7 PagesThe Real Cause of the French Revolution For hundreds of years historians have tried to find out the real cause of the French Revolution, and they have come up with hundreds of varieties different reasons as well. Spread over the ten-year period from 1789-1799, the French Revolution was initiated by disagreements over the peoples ideas of reform. Seeking equality, libertyRead MoreThe Impact of the French Revolution on European Society in Terms of Its Social Thinking4261 Words   |  18 PagesIMPACT OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION ON EUROPEAN SOCIETY IN TERMS OF ITS SOCIAL THINKING NAME : NORHAFIZA BINTI OTHMAN MATRIC NUMBER : 900704145544001 NRIC : 900704145544 MOBILE : 013 6292463 E-MAIL : fieza040790@yahoo.com TUTOR’S NAME : WAN AMINUDDIN BIN WAN AB. HAMID LEARNING CENTER : PETALING JAYA SEPTEMBER 2012 CONTENTS Content Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION 3 2.0 FRENCH REVOLUTION 5 2.1 The Impact of French Revolution 5 2.2 EffectRead MoreTo Know About France, and Its History, Culture, French People and Democracy in France5199 Words   |  21 Pagesin all sector like in the working place against owner, against government laws, against President’s attitude. In this assignment we are going to discuss about The country France, French people, Democracy in France, French revolution, Change of France from French revolution to 21st century, Strikes in France by French and what is French about democracy in France. How is their life in France economically, politically and socially. What is their position in the French society. What role do theyRead MoreA SELECTION OF PAST AP U.S. FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS:3529 Words   |  15 PagesWar (1754-1763) altered the relationship between Britain and its North American colonies. Assess this change with regard to TWO of the following in the period between 1763 and 1775. Land acquisition Politics Economics (2007B) American Revolution -Early Republic (1776 -1800) 16. The Declaration of Independence has been variously interpreted as a bid for French support, an attempt to swing uncommitted Americans to the revolutionary cause, a statement of universal principles, and an affirmation

Black Boy Essay Research Paper Growing up free essay sample

Black Boy Essay, Research Paper Turning up as a Negro in the South in the early 1900? s is non that easy, for some people tend to endure different signifiers of subjugation. In this instance, it happens in the autobiography called Black Boy written by Richard Wright. The novel is set in the early portion of the 1900? s, someplace in deep Jim Crow South. Richard Wright, who is evidently the chief character, is besides the supporter. The adversary is no one individual in peculiar, for it takes many different signifiers called # 8220 ; subjugation # 8221 ; in general. The chief character over comes this # 8220 ; subjugation # 8221 ; by arising against the common functions of the black, Jim Crow society. Richard Wright? s character was affected in early childhood by the effects of social subjugation, but he became a great American writer despite these negative factors in his life. Today everyone encounters some signifier of subjugation. One of the signifiers Richard is meeting is called social subjugation. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Boy Essay Research Paper Growing up or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As an illustration, after Richard sees a # 8220 ; black # 8221 ; boy whipped by a # 8220 ; white # 8221 ; adult male, he asks his female parent why did the incident happen. His female parent says, # 8221 ; ? The # 8220 ; white # 8221 ; adult male did non flog the # 8220 ; black # 8221 ; boy? He beat the # 8220 ; black # 8221 ; male child, ? # 8220 ; ( 31 ) . This quotation mark is demoing racism, which is one manner of society maintaining Richard Wright, and all other inkinesss in the South down. Another illustration is when is at the rail route station with his female parent, and as they are waiting for the train, he sees something he has neer seen, # 8220 ; ? for the first clip I noticed that there were two lines of people at the ticket window, a # 8220 ; white # 8221 ; line and a # 8220 ; black # 8221 ; line, # 8221 ; ( 55 ) . This extract is showing how this scene of Jim Crow Torahs is maintaining a certain group of people apart, which is besides another signifier of social subjugation. Social subjugation occurs once more when Richard is # 8220 ; hanging # 8221 ; out with his friends, and their conversation with each other leads on to the topic of war. One of his friends truly acquire into the topic and says, # 8221 ; ? Yeah, they send you to war, make you cream them Germans, learn you how to contend and when you come back they scared of you, ? # 8220 ; ( 90 ) . This quotation mark means that the # 8220 ; white # 8221 ; people put the # 8220 ; black # 8221 ; people on the front line to support our state, and when they come back, they can non accept them, hence they oppress them in different ways, which is social subjugation. The last illustration happens when Richard wants to borrow a library card, and so he thinks about inquiring his foreman. After believing about it for a piece, he knew he could non inquire him, for he knows the foreman is a Caucasic Baptist, and Richard thinks that he would non be able to accept the fact of a # 8220 ; black # 8221 ; boy, such as Richard, would desire to read and cultivate his intelligence. This would be considered social subjugation, for he knows his foreman does non desire Richard to be enlightened with books, in bend maintaining Richard off from the visible radiation of cognition. These are illustrations of social subjugatio n that Richard Wright overcomes and rises to the top on his ain. Internalized subjugation is a difficult thing to get the better of. One of the ways Richard Wright is confronted with internalized subjugation is when he sees a # 8220 ; black # 8221 ; boy being beaten by a # 8220 ; white # 8221 ; adult male, so he automatically thinks that the # 8220 ; white # 8221 ; adult male is the boys male parent. # 8220 ; ? Did non all male parents, like my male parent, have the right to crush their kids? A paternal right was the lone right, to my apprehension? # 8221 ; ( 31 ) . This extract is demoing internalized subjugation, for he thinks it is okay for a parent to mistreat their kid, in bend holding the kid think that crushing a kid is all right, and merely a parent can make the whipping, which is wholly incorrect. Another instance of internalized subjugation occurs when Richard says a bad word, and so his Aunt Jody lectures him by stating, # 8221 ; ? Richard, you are a really bad, bad male child, ? # 8220 ; ( 108 ) . Later in the transition, he besides says that he does non auto vitamin E that he is a â€Å"bad boy.† That states that Richard believes that he is a bad individual, which means he is sing internalized subjugation. Later in the novel, after Richard read some books, he so wants to utilize the words he has learned as arms, but he could non, because by him utilizing the words it frightened him. This is internalized subjugation, for Richard thinks of the words as something sacred merely white people can utilize. If he did utilize the words, he feels as though he may acquire into problem. Later in the novel, Richard tries to place himself with a book, but he feels guilty when he does so. Therefore he acts in manner so the Whites will non dislike him. It is an internal subjugation, for he is maintaining himself down by non physically showing his feelings that he has received from the books he has read. All of the above, are illustrations of which later in the novel, Richard Wright conquers are of internalized subjugation. The manner Richard Wright overcomes this abstract subjugation is reflected upon his personality, which helps him go that great American writer. One of the illustrations to turn out this true, occurs when it was Richard? s foremost twenty-four hours of school. # 8220 ; During that noon hr I learned all the four-letter words depicting physiological sex maps, and discovered that I had know them before? A tall black male child recited a long, amusing piece of jingle, full with crud, depicting the physiological dealingss between work forces and adult females, and I memorized it word for word after holding heard it but one time, # 8220 ; ( 32 ) . This quotation mark is demoing how smart and quick-to-learn Richard is, which is a portion of his personality and ability to understand. Another illustration happens when his Uncle Tom is about to flog Richard, so he shows the razors to his uncle. In a low voice Richard says, # 8221 ; ? If you touch me, I? ll cut you! Possibly I? ll acquire cut excessively, but I? ll cut you, so assist me God, ? # 8220 ; ( 175 ) . This transition is uncovering that Richard is rebellious by standing up for himself and facing his uncle for something he did non make. Further on, when Richard is confronted with the fact that white people like Negroes who stole from them, than to cognize their ain true dignity. Richard is believing, # 8220 ; But I, who stole nil, who wanted to look them directly in the face, who wanted to speak and move like a adult male, divine fright in them, # 8221 ; ( 219 ) . This transition is showing how bold and courageous Richard is, for he wants to stand up for himself against a white adult male who looked down on him. Later in the novel, Richard is chew overing on what he should make in his life. He knows he can non remain in the South and volitionally be kicked as Shorty had done. He would instead decease, so do what Shorty has already submitted to. This is demoing how much strength and pride Richard has. These a re all illustrations of Richard Wright? s character, that has helped him go the great writer that he is. Social subjugation and internalized subjugation has affected Richard Wright in his early childhood old ages. The negative factors he has overcame throughout his life, has contributed to his rise as a great American writer. One of the many subjects, in the novel is if you follow what you feel is incorrect, so you may non be able to lift to the top. In # 8220 ; Black Boy, # 8221 ; Richard Wright did merely the opposite. Alternatively of subjecting, like everyone else, to the low life, Jim Crow Torahs were intended for, he has risen above those who already has submitted. Another cosmopolitan subject is that if you believe that you can accomplish in anything, most likely you will accomplish in many things in life. In the novel at first, Richard did non believe he can make anything to better his life. Once he started to believe he can make things on his ain, he moved out of the South to go that great American writer. These are the subjects in the fresh Black Boy, that can be used for mundane life, universally.

Technology Changed Businesses Are Conductedâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Technology Changed Businesses Are Conducted? Answer: Introducation Organisations long in business will have to understand that globalisation and information technology has changed the ways businesses are conducted including the mode of maintaining the accounts as well. B Bakery as is understood has been into the business of bakery for almost half a century and seen various ups and down. Subsequently the recent years have been some of the most flourishing years due to the introduction of newer products which are healthy as well as tasty. Unfortunately, B Bakery had to face the loss of some of the main account holders as they failed to provide some of its most wanted products at rates which equivalent to the one was offered by its competition. B Bakery continued to follow the age old method of accounting for its costs of products which failed to tell the firm about the places where the cost incurred is most and where they can cut down costs. Also due to lack of proper expertise as well and the absence of adequate business processes and ERP packages in stalled, the firm was unable to supply the goods at competitive rates as they were unable to find out how much profits can be sacrificed or reduced because of absence of a handy financial data. The firm lacked availability of instant and analytical information which would help them to take instant decision so as to retain the client. The said essay defines what the business of bakery desires of and how the ERP should be selected keeping in mind the purpose it is expected to serve for the firm. It also discusses about the fact that simply software selection is not the end, vendor selection is of utmost importance as well. What Is The Business Process Of A Bakery Well before the business process of a bakery is understood it is very crucial to understand as to what does a baker do. Basically a baker is a chef who specialises in baking pastries and breads of various kinds. He ensures to be the one who is involved in the procurement of raw materials, to baking the pastries and finally giving it a finishing touch by various kinds of icing which makes the cake look good. He also ensures to procure goods from the best of the places wherein the quality is not compromised and the price paid is the least as well. For every business to run well, it is undoubtedly required to check upon the business processes being undertaken by the company and so is applicable for the business of B Bakery too. It is a business process which helps in achieving the goals of any organization and if the same is not well defined then the business may have to suffer in the long run. In todays time of globalisation and increasing competition as well within a small business entity also, business process management (BPM) plays a crucial role as it helps to improvise various processes such as accounting, cost analysis etc (Rouse, 2016). There are various categories of a business process and each category has a separate role to play in the success of the organization. First and foremost is the operational process and B bakerys operational process is to make the best quality bakery products and to improvise upon the existing range of products being offered as per the changing tastes of its customers (Borysowich, 2008). Wi th regards the said process, B Bakery has successfully launched a range of product which is healthier and tastier as well, thus trying to deal with the operational process. The second one is the supporting processes which does not provide services or goods to the customers directly, but indirectly are a crucial part of the entity. They help to support, as the name says, to the main operations of the concern such as in the case of B Bakery, its main operational process is being backed up by accounting, workplace safety. The third one is the management process which help to determine, check upon and organize processes which are linked to the business procedures and systems, such as budgeting, strategic planning and adequate and proper communication within the organization (Veyrat, 2016). However in the case of B Bakery, though the support process was very much evident but the kind of support being provided was not as per the trend. The entity continued to follow the age old method of manual book keeping which gave results of the performance at the end of the year and there was no clue in the middle of the year as to where the costs could be controlled etc. Further to this, the management process also lacked because B bakery could not manage the activities as per the trend prevalent due to which the method of costing adopted was an old one which did not give him fruitful results. Lack of handy details was the main lack in the business process (Gratch, 2017). B Bakery although had updated its operational process but failed to understand that the support and the management processes are equally important and hence needs to be updated too. Hence it can be rightly said that all these business processes are interlinked. Thus if there is an issue with the supply production, then it will automatically have an adverse impact on the sales and in the same fashion, if the business loses some of its customers then also its sales will decline (Considine et.al. 2005). Business Requirements Of B Bakery All the business processes discussed above are crucial and integral. But the main processes can be summarised into four different categories i.e. supply chain management, human resources, production and accounts. Amongst these four, accounts is of utmost importance specially from a business mans viewpoint since it acts as a fuel for the success of the entire business process. B Bakery has been able to made tremendous profits and grow its business in the past few years but present scenario shows that it is facing some issues as it is losing its accounts. Even though the firm has appointed a specific accounting team who is accountable for the book keeping and the other reporting part of the accounts of the business, but the said accounting method fails to provide details about certain decision making actions. Because of the same the company failed to retain some of its key accounts as it could not provide them products at rates which were competitive with their competition. Finally it has realised that he company needs to improvise upon its present accounting method so as to be able to get certain data which would help them to take analytical decisions. Thus the data required for taking such a decision will come only via proper and in depth business process as well as market research. Basis these data, B Bakery will be able to take crucial and important decisions which would help it to regain back the lost customers and gain success again. The business desires to install an accounting information system within its business and hence they are looking for investing in some of the available accounting software for the accomplishment of the said purpose. The key requirements for B Bakery presently is to improvise their present accounting methods, integration of the business processes and the accounting systems so that more sound decisions can be taken, putting in money in some of the accounting software packages which are available and tailoring it as per the business process and execution of an ERP and AIS for their business. ERP will support in integration of the business process and will help to provide a stronger base for the AIS (Bragg, 2017). The bakery business demands for many major details from its various core business processes which would in turn help them to gain better performance of their business in the market. The business process cannot work well until and unless adequate information which would help in taking decisions are collected. Not only transactional data but also operational information is a must for processing and decision making. Hence the account process can provide adequate data only if it gathers and collects the same from the other business processes. Information related to payables, receivables, inventory, the margins that it is presently earning and what it can sacrifice, cost of production, etc are a must for a sound business decision. These data are a must for setting the price of its products at competitive rates. For the acquisition of the said data from the business processes, it would need assimilation of all the business processes and the systems which are needed for the conduct of these processes. The better the assimilation, the better the business process and which would at the end yield better results financially. The AIS which is being installed over the ERP will help to give a structure to the entire firm and will in turn help it to gather, process, supervise, accumulate and recover financial data by the various analysts , managers, accountants, auditors and such others who need the information for the purpose of business decision making (Hall, 2016). Apart from the same, ERP will help to assimilate the jobs and procedures of the business of B Bakery. The assimilation of both of them i.e. AIS and ERP will ultimately ensure that the data being presented more useful from the normal business data. Simply putting, AIS will give business estimating data by investigating past data. Determine The System Requirements A huge number of resources are at the dispense of the small business houses who are trying to achieve growth in their operational processes. These resources comprises of the various tactics that the companies should undertake, which areas calls for improvisation, how can they control on those things which they already possess etc. B Bakery is a firm which is lacking only technological expertise and not expertise in the field of baking. It needs to make an investment in an appropriate accounting information software (AIS) so that it is being able to beat the competition successful. The firm has a brand name, goodwill, talent but lacks accounting of its talent due to which it is failing into becoming a cost efficient company. Thus while investing into IT, the bakery firm should take into account some of the software features which would help it achieve its goal of price competitiveness. It is not possible to gain grow and beat the competition, until and unless the age old methods are left behind. It has to ensure to chose an IT software which serves its various software purposes. B Bakery is aware that its biggest drawback lies in the field of accountancy, costing and analytical methodology thereby it needs execution of ERP as well as AIS within its business process. The accountant it has employed is a person with a conservative mindset. Thereby the software being selected should be such which would act as a ready reckoner for the owner to decide upon price cuts of certain products. Bakery firms business structures are generally very small to medium sized in nature and hence there software requirements would be one that offers a centralised system of recording transactions. The main thrust is on those features which are a must for the firm and without which the entire purpose of installing a software is a waste. Thus one of the main feature that the software should offer to a B Bakery is cost accounting. The ERP software will assimilate all the business procedures and hence there would exist a shared and centralised data center which would all the business procedures across the firm. This centralisation will ensure that adequate data is also available for the AIS process as well. This would ensure a more accurate processing. The AIS helps the business process in conducting three essential functions: It helps to process the information in a more effective and efficient manner. The same is possible as it collects information from the various transactions being undertaken by the company. For performing the said function, the AIS will have to gather all those transactions, their sources, documentations etc. Wherein these dealings will be written into the journals. A journal is a book keeping process which records all the transactions in a sequential order and from there these transactions are posted to various ledgers wherein further sorting is done basis various accounts. The AIS software gives support to the management in taking sound decisions by collecting and deriving data from these databases and analysing the same (Zheng, 2015). Thus apart from the financial statements, the managerial reports are also needed by the management which would help them to take various strategic decisions and not wait for the year to end to get hold of the financial status. The firms internal control will strengthen with the installation of an AIS since the software has the potential to produce very reliable and dependent data. This will ensure that the business processes are efficient and in line with the main objectives of the management (Koronapos.com., 2017). Software Selection B Bakery falls under the category of medium of large sized company because it has seventy employees and the revenue it generates surpassed $13.5 million in the previous year. Thus the kind of software it would require is one which would help in providing better detailed information which would help it to take quick decisions and ensure competition is kept away. Basis the present industrial condition, three kinds of accounting information system software for such kind of a business is best suited. They are as under: Entry level Solutions: This type of solution is best suited for a small firm where the number of members does not exceed five. The software for this category has the capability of delivering basic financial accounting functionalities, review and reporting as well. AIS such as Quickbooks, SAGE 50 US Edition, XERO, Freshbooks and Wave etc. which is best suited for such a kind of organizations. Small to Medium Scale Business Solutions: This class of AIS software is best fitted for the small and medium scale businesses wherein the users would not exceed hundred. The software which falls under this category cater to various other functions as well as compared to the previous one. The software which falls under this category basically supports a high demanding transactional data support which helps in the reporting purpose. The software is highly scalable and the connected record will be vigorous. Example of this category software are SAGE 100 ERP, Exact Max, Quickbook Enterprise, CYMA, SAP By Design etc. Enterprise accounting Software: This category of AIS is best suited for larger organizations where the number of users is more than hundred and also helps to cater to businesses which are spread across the globe. The features they possess are vigorous and the functions are extended (Bolenta, 2011). Example of such a kind of software are SAP, Oracle etc. Basis the above descriptions, it is clear that B Bakery should consider installation of accounting solutions which fall under the second category i.e. small to medium business solutions (Diana, 2015). Vendor Selection The small and medium business solutions vendors, the most reputed ones are SAGE 100 ERP, Microsoft Dynamics and SAP by Design. Amongst these three, two accounting packages being chosen for comparing are SAGE 100 ERP and SAP By Design. Sage 100 Erp SAGE 100 ERP offers a number of deviations of the AIS software for these kind of enterprises. These are SAGE 100 Advanced ERP, SAGE 100 Standard ERP etc. This software has the capacity to support around half a century of users at the same time and that too for a varied range of accounting activities to be performed, economic activities, business intelligence, human resource, manufacturing, marketing and distribution and various CRM services. The solutions it provides can be tailored according to the requirements offered by these business procedures. The software is flexible enough to suit to the changing business needs as if the same is not then it becomes difficult for the medium enterprise to install new systems every now and then. Also the same is stable enough (Lobby, 2017). It demands for Microsoft Windows environment and Microsoft SQL as well which would help in managing the backend. The same can be implemented and installed basis the platform used by the client. For the usage of the said software, wizard base support is available which ensures flawless assimilation within the modules of the software. The said software is less complicated thereby makes it easy for a novice also to understand its usage module. The return on investment will be maximum in this kind of a software due to the vigorous features it has to offer and the reports derived from it is very easily comprehendible. The users can easily add and delete the various user defined fields, rules of the business which helps to perform some specific tasks (Accounting Software World 2015). SAP Business by Design It is a generalised accounting software package for business such as the size of B Bakery. Basically it helps to serve those small and medium enterprises which are searching for SaaS based cloud accounting solutions (Tur, 2013). It provides a huge array of professional services in conjunction with assimilated procedures for financing, CRM etc. this software has many advantages to offer such as the software is easily scalable i.e. new users can easily be added and the number of transactions can be increased to a great extent (Bearingpoint.com 2013). It supports those types of organizations as well who have their business spread across various places thereby also supports multi-currency transactions also (Sommer, 2017). The resources across the firm is better controlled. Further to this, since it uses cloud based software, therefore no specific hardware installation and development is needed (Kulkarni, 2015). Last but not the least is that such a kind of accounting software offers disa ster recovery system as well and better security of data (Rahaman, 2012). The SaaS is very effective as it entails to provide such services which are needed by bigger organizations as well hence very useful if the SMB wants to expand its business (McCabe, 2010). Recommendations B Bakery is required to put in its money for the installation of a good AIS system as due tot he lack of the same, the firm is unable to provide its products at competitive rates. The said software would ensure connection of the various processes of the firm which would enable analysis of the transactional information and the operational data as well thereby ensuring the firm to take decisions which would be best for B Bakery. It is suggested to install SAGE 100 ERP accounting software, as it has various benefits to offer to B Bakery. The benefits it offers to B Bakery are as under: A well connected, linked and assimilated network which would ensure all the business processes are put together via the software. Vendors, customers and the internal staff as well can easily unite to the one single system being installed via BYOD devices using mobiles and web interface managing CRM, HR, sales, purchases etc. This is a flawless method where the chances of a mistake is very less (Galani et.al. 2010). Till date B Bakery had only raw data at its disposal due to which it was unable to take sound decisions. But the said system would ensure conversion of the raw data into a more meaningful form which would add benefits to the now business process already in vogue. The business intelligence functions can be accessed with the help of specialised and tailor-made dashboards and in turn help to find out the potential customers, vendors and what the people want from them. Thus the said accounting software will ensure creation of a strategy which would beat the competition(Peden, 2017). SAGE 100 ERP offers an integrated CRM model which functions as a chaser with respect to sales, hence improvising upon the firmness, usability, preservation, incorporating, reporting etc. The users can easily interchange the facts base they possess with each other with the help of the said unit. Customer relationship is a must and without the same it becomes very difficult to retain them, hence the said module being a part of SAGE 100 ERP will be of great help to B Bakery (Sage Software Solutions., 2015). SAGE 100 ERP offers a mobile sales module which may be required by B Bakery as the growing trends demands the same. It helps in faster processing of orders and payments as well which can further be fed into the main system irrespective of the time (Grabski et.al. 2002). The company will easily be able to know what is its ROI since data is readily available in processed form. This would in turn ensure that B bakery takes quick decisions regarding its pricing without wasting much of its time(goism.com. 2016). Conclusion Thereby it is understood that for B Bakery to regain back its lost clientele, all it needs is to install an accounting software which would serve not only the present needs but also cover the future generation requirements as well. Investing in an accounting software calls for a huge capital expenditure hence the same should be done keeping in mind the future requirements as well. The overall business processes needs to be integrated, taken on board, simplified and scalable. References Accounting Software World., (2015), SAGE 100 ERP, Available at https://www.accountingsoftwareworld.com/software-reviews/sage-100-erp (Accessed 15th September 2017) com., (2013), Enabling your business for growth with Sap Business ByDesign, Available at https://www.bearingpoint.com/files/BearingPoint_SAP_Business_ByDesign_Brochure_Online_02102013.pdfdownload=0itemId=427510 (Accessed 15th September 2017) Borysowich,C., (2008), Identifying Major Business Processes, Available at https://it.toolbox.com/blogs/enterprise-solutions/identifying-major-business-processes-22964 (Accessed 15th September 2017) Bolenta, A.S., (2011), Model to Support Enterprise Resource Planning System Selection, Available at https://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1110context=amcis2011_submissions (Accessed 15th September 2017) Bragg,S., (2017), Accounting Information System, Available at https://www.accountingtools.com/articles/2017/5/7/accounting-information-system (Accessed 15th September 2017) Considine,B., Razeed,A., Lee,M., Collier, P., (2005), Accounting Information System: Understanding Business Processes, John Wiley, 3, no. 1, pp. 89-90, Available at https://www.cmawebline.org/images/stories/JAMAR%202005%20Summer/jamar-v3-2-bookreviews.pdf (Accessed 15th September 2017) Diana, A., (2015), Advice in Choosing the Best Enterprise Resource Planning Software, Available at https://www.erpsearch.com/erp-selection-advice.php (Accessed 15th September 2017) Galani, D., Gravas, E., Stavropoulos,A., (2010), The Impact of ERP Systems on Accounting Processes, International Journal of Social, Behavioural, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering , 4, no.6, pp. 774-779, Available at https://waset.org/publications/14239/the-impact-of-erp-systems-on-accounting-processes (Accessed 15th September 2017) com., (2016), Improved Productivity Stronger Communications, Available at https://goism.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Sage-CRM-with-Sage-100-ERP.pdf (Accessed 15th September 2017) Gratch,O., (2017), To ERP or Not to ERP : Should SMBs Invest In Enterprise Resource Planning? Available at https://www.business.com/articles/erp-what-it-means-for-you-and-your-small-business/ (Accessed 15th September 2017) Grabski, S.V., Leech, S.A., Lu,B., (2002), Risks and Controls in the Implementation of ERP system, The International Journal of Digital Accounting Research, 1, no.1, pp. 47-68, Available at https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.630.7401rep=rep1type=pdf (Accessed 15th September 2017) Hall, J.A., (2016), Accounting Information System, 9th Ed, Cengage Learning:USA com., (2017), What small retail needs to learn in order to grow sales, Available at https://koronapos.com/what-small-retail-needs-to-learn-in-order-to-grow-sales/ (Accessed 15th September 2017) Kulkarni,D.A., (2015), SAP Business One- The Right Solution for Small and Medium Enterprises, Available at https://praxisinfosolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/sap-business-one.pdf (Accessed 15th September 2017) Lobby,J., (2017), Sage 100 Review: The Right choice for a growing SME looking to consolidate software packages, Available at https://www.trustradius.com/products/sage-100-erp/reviews (Accessed 15th September 2017) McCabe,L., (2010), SAP Aims for SME, Available at https://www.smb-gr.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/pdfs/SAP_Aims_for_SME.pdf (Accessed 15th September 2017) Peden,C., (2017), What Small Biz Owners need to know about accounting Information Systems, Available at https://www.godaddy.com/garage/smallbusiness/manage/small-business-owners-need-know-accounting-information-systems/ (Accessed 15th September 2017) Rahaman, M.A., (2012), How Secure is SAP Business ByDesign for your business? Available at https://www.globalreact.com/How%20Secure%20is%20SAP%20Business%20ByDesign%20for%20Your%20Business.pdf (Accessed 15th September 2017) Rouse,M., (2016), Business Process, Available at https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/business-process (Accessed 15th September 2017) Sage Software Solutions., (2015), Benefits of ERP: Top 5 reasons for Startup and SMBs to select ERP, Available at https://www.sagesoftware.co.in/blogs/5-benefits-of-erp-to-startup-and-smb/ (accessed 15th September 2017) Sommer,B., (2017), And Finally, SAP Business By Design is relevant to SME, Available at https://diginomica.com/2017/01/17/finally-sap-business-bydesign-relevant/ (Accessed 15th September 2017) Tur,T., (2013), SAP Business ByDesign, Available at https://www.sapevent.ch/landingpagesfr/manager/uploads/cmt/events/1/enrolments/41/agentil_final.pdf (Accessed 15th September 2017) Veyrat,P., (2016), The Definitions of the 3 Types of Business Processes, Available at https://www.heflo.com/blog/bpm/business-processes-definition/ (Accessed 15th September 2017) Zheng,H., (2015), Research of Enterprise Accounting Information System Internal Control Based on ERP, Available at file:///C:/Users/E-ZONE/Downloads/C4120.pdf (Accessed 15th September 2017)

Skype A Huge Advancement in Communication Systems

Introduction Skype can be considered a significant advancement in information technologies because it offers a number of efficient communication devices promoting interaction between people (Skype, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Skype: A Huge Advancement in Communication Systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The software has a number of useful functions ensuring successful information exchange, including video calling, conference calling, calling from ordinary phones and calling from Skype to telephones (Skype, 2012). Instant messages are also possible and, people can communicate freely regardless of the distance and location. What is more important is that Skype allows communicating with friends and relatives for free. Background The emergence and development of Skype dates back to 2003 when Janus Friss and Niklas Zennstrom founded the communication system (Mohr et al., 2009). At the end of 2005, Skyp e was purchased by eBay for assisting the company to increase the number of users, as well as extend its revenues (Mohr et al., 2009). Three years later, about 276 million users all over the world communicated via Skype using free video and voice calls. However, the software owners were not satisfied with the number of registered users because of poor revenues received from the service. Main Discussion Potential Benefits Zennstrom and Friss’s invention introduces voice communication of exceptional quality to any user having Internet connection all over the world. Easy download and installing is among the main benefits of the Skype software. Other than that, the program ensures free video and conference calls online. The software services also offer low-cost connectivity to mobile and ordinary telephones. In addition, Skype also provides a variety of features, including instant messaging, voicemail, and call forwarding.Advertising Looking for essay on communications medi a? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Apart from these functions, the Skype has gained popularity and leadership in almost every country. According to the software founders, â€Å"†¦vision for Skype has always been to build the world’s largest communications business and revolutionize the ease with which people can communication through the Internet† (Furrer, 2010, p. 66). The program, therefore, is a good media platform which manages to fulfill the needs of registered users. Legal and ethical issues EBay, as the current owner of the Skype service, can face serious legal issues leading to the termination of service in future, despite the fact that the company’s officials reject to the possible closure of the software. Specific attention requires the licensing agreement between eBay and Joltid (Randomus, 2009). According to eBay officials were accused by Joltid for violating the agreement. The representatives of EBay Company put similar counterclaims against Joltid. In 2009, the Skype producers started developing popular video and audio services and they were eligible for launching the service in case the licensing agreement was not concluded (Randomus, 2009). Due to the fact that introducing a new software product is quite time consuming and costly, cooperation with Joltid could significantly forward the introduction. The conflict between two companies eventually prevented eBay developers from fostering their product, despite the fact of possessing over 480 million registered users.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Skype: A Huge Advancement in Communication Systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, the Skype producers are concerned with their position because they should introduce the product before the decline in consumer demand. Skype producers have no doubts concerning the legality and ethically of their actions, but still there is a possibility of facing negative consequences because of the failure to negotiate with Joltid officials. The point is that Skype initiated the development of alternative software licensed through Joltid. The software can fail as a result the loss of functionality and, therefore, there is a potential threat to lose consumers. Security Concerns The Skype, as a vast VOIP setting, is under the strict focus in terms of security. In particular, the possibility for all people to interact via Skype does not guarantee safety because many of conversations and calls can be carried out for different purposes. According to Svensson (2006), the Skype company is able to introduce 256 but encrypt keys, which are extremely difficult to crack. The encryptions are processed on credit cart numbers during transactions. Although there are certain aspects of the software to be considered in terms of security, Skype continues improving security of communication and information exchange. While talking about Skype as a world-known online social network, it is hard to consider the issues of privacy and security because the software is primarily oriented on the possibility of communicating and making calls from all over the world and, therefore, there are not actual restrictions imposed on performing such a function.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The most problematic issue about Skype is the possibility of seeing still images without the consent of the recipient (Rogerson, 2008). Once captured, the recipient can experience unlikely endeavors of other users to disturb and manipulate information (Rogerson, 2008). The vulnerability of Skype users is under greater threat due to the risk of using information in unsafe and questionable ways. Despite the potential challenges, there is a still a chance to protect users from possible interruptions. The security is ensured by the possibility for users to either portray or hide their profiles for people they want to talk to. The Skype also allows users to add some personal information, including gender, date-of-birth, location, and some interesting facts (Rogerson, 2008). Details about social interests and hobbies, as well as sporting interests, are also possible to fill out in a user’s profile. However, the users may leave these spaces unfilled to protect themselves from privac y interventions. Social Problems Certainly, the variety of function offered by the Skype producers allows customers to put away their cell phones. As a result, the software can become a potential rival to the producers of telephone communications and technology (Furrer, 2010). However, the Skype also introduces relatively new services that had never been practiced before. In particular, the software is better known as the most effective one in computer-to-computer communications (Furrer, 2010). Unfortunately, some of the functions offered by Skype are not always beneficial in terms of interaction and confidentiality. This is of particular concern to the information represented in a user’s profile. Further Research It has been discovered that Skype has been sufficiently considered in regards to its cost-effectiveness and usability. It has a number of unique functions that other programs never had. However, little research has been done on social value of the VoIP, as well as h ow it influences various spheres of social and cultural life. This is of particular concern to educational field since it can significantly benefit from using online communication, especially video calls and conferences. Conclusion Skype is considered as the most popular social network and communication technology offering a variety of opportunities for online users. Possibility to make video calls and creating conferences is a unique function that users all over the world may take advantage of. Despite the legal and ethical concerns, the Skype still operates in many countries because other related social networks have similar concerns as well. References Furrer, O. (2010). Corporate Level Strategy: Theory and Applications. US: Taylor Francis. Mohr, J.J., Sengupta, S., Slater S.F. (2009). Marketing of High-Technology Products and Innovations. US: Jakki Mohr. Randomus. (2009). Skype Faces Legal Issues; Possible Closure, Myce. Web. Rogerson, S. (2008). VoIP Ethics. ETHIcol in the IM IS Journal. 18(2). Web. Skype (2012). Skype Explained. Web. Svensson, P. (2006). Skype Innovation and Security. Legal and Ethical Issues with the Internet. Web. This essay on Skype: A Huge Advancement in Communication Systems was written and submitted by user Brisa Middleton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Cisneros-biography essays

Cisneros-biography essays Sandra Cisneros writing has been shaped by her experiences. Because of her unique background she is very different from traditional American writers. An important theme of her work is the heterogeneity of the Mexican-American community, expressed through differences of class, gender, education, and language use. From the start of her life Sandra Cisneros didnt have what you or I would consider a normal childhood. As a person growing up in a society where the class norm was superimposed on a television screen, I couldnt understand why our home wasnt all green lawns and white wood like in the ones in Leave it to Beaver and My Father Knows Best.(Ghosts). She had a tough time believing her fate was to be spent in poverty, so she looked for an escape. An escape that led her to a book called The Little House, which she would continually check out of the library as a kid. It was her favorite because it contained her dream house, one house for one family that was secure and lasting. Throughout Cisneros life she was never allowed much time to get settled into one place or one home. Her Mexican-American Mother, her Mexican father, and her six brothers were constantly moving between Mexico City and Chicago-where she was born. Unable to establish lasting friendships and having no sisters forced Sandra to bury her loneliness in books. In high school she began writing poetry and even took over as the editor for the literary magazine, but according to her she didnt start to really write until her first creative writing class in college of 1974. After that it took her a while to find her own voice. She said in her book Ghosts... I rejected what was at hand and emulated the voices of the poets I admired in books: big male voices like James Wright and Richard Hugo and Theodore Roethke, all wrong for me."(Ghosts). ...

Introduction to business, macro environmental factors (PESTLE) Essay

Introduction to business, macro environmental factors (PESTLE) - Essay Example This structure was a result of various acquisitions that have taken place over the period of time. Detailed analysis of the history of Borders Group and its subsequent liquidation indicated that failure to adapt to market changes and technological advancement coupled with faulty investments and financial decisions lead to the demise of this once glorious chain of bookstores. The founders of this group are also the pioneers when it comes to superstores in published books industry after Barnes & Noble (Peterson, 2011). The traditional image of small-scale alley shops was replaced by Tom and Louis Borders in 1971 when they opened major stores in different states. In addition to many published books available under one roof, their Book Inventory System which was originally designed to support their sales and inventory management, also formed a major part of the products that they were offering. Following Borders group’s stake in published books market, it was purchased by Kmart ho wever the deal was not as successful as expected and later on lead to divestment in 1995. After this separation, Borders group expanded its operations internationally in Europe, Australia and Singapore (Fundinguniverse, 2011). ... blishing self-owned stores however due to excessive market competition in physical book stores and also other market players like Amazon, Borders group faced aggressive competition. Due to this market condition, Borders group sustained immense losses and filed for bankruptcy in United States followed by subsequent closure of over 30 stores only in UK. As of now, all the directly or partly owned stores of Borders groups have been sold or closed down (Fundinguniverse, 2011). It is important to note that Borders group’s problem was not the changing market space and consumers’ demand but its rather sluggish approach towards the adaptation of changes. With major capital invested in physical stores, the cost of running the stores became extremely high. It did try to create an online presence in 2001 after emergence of Amazon.com and other e-book retailers however the results were not encouraging enough. Where Amazon was in the market after 1995 and had a stable establishment by 2000, it was already too late for Borders group to compete with the diverse and highly personalized nature of service offered by it (Wasserman, 2012). After being unable to have a successful presence, Borders group formed an alliance with Amazon which proved fatal in the long-run. The alliance ended in 2007 with another attempt of forming online presence in 2008 however increasing overhead, operations and interest expenses along with many changes taking place in organization’s management, the group was struggling to stay liquidated which further resulted in further bankruptcy of the group in 2011. Although over the period of time, Borders group added many features to its stores in the form of espresso bars and personalized service of its employees (who were already learned individuals with

Homeostasis and pain management in patients with multisystem failure Research Paper

Homeostasis and pain management in patients with multisystem failure - Research Paper Example Therefore, as the number of old people suffering from chronic diseases increases; the cases related to chronic pains in hospitals also increase. In addition, several old patients in hospitals experience multi system failures. There are several measures being put in place by health organizations to manage the pain experienced by the old generation as a result of multi system failures. Pain management is the practice by medical practitioners, nurse practitioners, physiotherapists and clinical nurse practitioners to reduce the pain or totally get rid of the pain that patients go through. Pain management is always done through the administration of medicine to the sick or injured patient (Hardy & Paul, 1997). This will help in reduction of pain in the patient. Homeostasis management is the practice of maintaining a stable and constant internal environment of a patient. This may involve maintaining constant body temperatures. Geriatric patients are often old people and they also undergo p ain. This paper discusses expansively the pain management that can be administered to Mrs. Elli Baker, a 73-year-old geriatric patient who was transferred to an emergency room after collapsing. Assessment of Patient. The assessment of Mrs. Baker should include all the problems that she experienced. The assessment talks about her homeostasis, oxygenation and her level of pain. The assessment also includes the physical observations made on her, observations made through technology and in the laboratory. Mrs. Baker was on two medications: lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide. These two medications often result to the collapsing of geriatric patients. It is these two medications that led to her collapse. Mrs. Baker had problems with her oxygenation. This can be as a result of diabetes that she had experienced previously. Her oxygenation problem can be solved by introducing arterial gases into her body. Her body temperature is also an issue of concern. Mrs. Baker collapsed in her backyard may be because she was up to some difficult tasks such as physical exercises that could have led to an increase in her temperature. Mrs. Baker was also dehydrated. She had past history of diabetes and this always involves having too much sugar in the body. This can later lead to dehydration in an individual. This could be solved by administering water into the circulation system of Mrs. Baker. Mrs. Baker experienced high level of pain. This was evident because, when talking to the nurse, she had problems responding and this may have been caused by the pain she was feeling. When observed, it was evident that Mrs. Baker was undergoing pain. This was because she tended to be uncomfortable in bed, she was grunting and she showed grimace on her face. This was a clear indication of the pain that she was in. She experienced hypertension and had respiratory problems. The cause of these could be seen by introducing her to an X-ray to observe any blockages in the arteries and veins and in the respiratory system. Technological Tools. In treating Mrs. Baker’s condition, various technological tools would be used. One of the tools that would be used in treating her is a stethoscope. A stethoscope is essential and would be utilized to know the rate or speed of her heartbeats. Mrs. Baker had respiratory problems and she collapsed at her backyard. Knowing the speed of her heartbeats will be essential since this will help in knowing the kind of activity she was doing before she collapsed. In case she was doing physical exercise, the stethoscope would read her fast heartbeats and this would help the medical practitioners in solving her problem. The other technological tool that would

Management Accounting & Finance of Nokia and Carphone Warehouse Essay

Management Accounting & Finance of Nokia and Carphone Warehouse - Essay Example In the case of Nokia the expenses incurred in operating the machinery, depreciation of equipment and other assets such as building associated with the production of the company’s products and other overhead costs such as light water and telephone are classified as factory overheads and are therefore included in production costs as part of the companies manufacturing costs. Nokia can determine how much it actually costs to produce a certain level of activity, the types of expenditure involved and their cost in relation to the volume of production. In the case of Carphone Warehouse, the company provides a service which includes selling cell phones and other electronic items and repairing cell phones. The company does not manufacture anything and so the cost of the phones that it sells is the only cost of sales in the company’s income statement. The cost of repairing phones along with the costs of the service it provides are all included as operational expenses. Regular re view of and updating of budgets is essential to the success of these companies. The company should focus on budgets and the competition and seek to add value to its products. Nokia is in an industry where technology is changing rapidly and so it needs to be always focused on external information so that it can make internal changes in the way it does things. This, however, requires the implementation of strategies such as the Balanced Scorecard, which will allow the organization to create value for its many stakeholders including customers.

Baroque Period And Opera

Baroque Period And Opera Early baroque composers favoured homophonic texture over the polyphonic texture typical of Renaissance music. They felt that words could be projected more clearly by using just one main melody with a chordal accompaniment. Homophonic textures only characterise early baroque, by the late baroque period, polyphonic texture returned to favour. To depict extreme emotions, early baroque composers used dissonance with a new freedom. Never before were unstable chords so prominent and emphatic. Contrasts of sound were stressed, one or more solo singers against a chorus, or voices against instruments. A baroque piece usually expresses one basic mood: what begins joyfully will remain joyful throughout. Emotional states like joy, grief, and agitation were represented-at the time, these moods were called affections. Specific rhythms or melodic patters were associated with specific moods. The prime exception to this baroque principle of unity of mood occurs in vocal music. Drastic changes of emotion in a text may inspire corresponding changes in the music. Rhythmic patterns head at the beginning of a piece are repeated throughout it. This rhythmic continuity provides a compelling drive and energy the forward motion is rarely interrupted. Baroque melody also creates a feeling of continuity. An opening melody will be heard again and again in the course of a baroque piece. And even when a melody is presented in varied form, its character tends to remain constant. There is a continuous expanding, unfolding, and unwinding of melody. This sense of directed motion is frequently the result of a melodic sequence, that is, successive repetition of a musical idea at higher or lower pitch levels. Many baroque melodies sound elaborate and ornamental, and they are not easy to sing or remember. A short opening phrase is often followed by a longer phrase with an unbroken flow of rapid notes. Volume tends to stay constant for a stretch of time. When the dynamics do shift, the shift is usually sudden, like physically stepping from one level to another. This alternation between loud and soft is called terraced dynamics. The organ and harpsichord were both well suited for continuity of dynamic level. Imitation between various lines, or voices, of the texture is very common. A melodic idea heard in one voice is likely to make an appearance in the other voices as well. In the baroque period chords became significant. As composers wrote a melodic line, they thought of chords to mesh with it. Indeed, sometimes they composed a melody to fit a specific chord progression. This interest in chords gave new prominence to the bass part. Basso continuo or figured bass is made up of a bass part together with numbers which specify the chords to be played above it. Usually the bass part is played by the left hand of an organist or harpsichordist and a cellist or bassoonist. The right hand, the keyboard player improvises chords or even a melodic line, following the indications of the numbers. Word painting was used. Heaven might be set to a high tone and hell to a low tone. Rising scales represented upward motion; descending scales depicted the reverse. Descending chromatic scales were associated with pain and grief. Composers emphasised words by writing many rapid notes for a single syllable of text. Opera is the fusion of music, acting, poetry, dance, scenery and costumes. Began in Italy around 1600. Voice types: Coloratura soprano very high range; can execute rapid scales and trills lyric soprano rather light voice; sings roles calling for grace and charm dramatic soprano full, powerful voice; is capable of passionate intensity lyric tenor relatively light, bright voice dramatic tenor powerful voice; is capable of heroic expression basso buffo takes comic roles; can sing very rapidly basso profondo very low range, powerful voice; takes roles calling for great dignity Aria A song for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment. Its an outpouring of melody that expresses an emotional state. In an aria, I love you, might be sung ten times to accommodate the expansion of the idea. Often the action stops while the characters feelings are revealed through music. An aria usually lasts several minutes. It is a complete piece with a definite beginning, high point, and end. Recitative A vocal line that imitates the rhythms and pitch fluctuations of speech. In a recitative, words are sung quickly and clearly, often on repeated tones. There is usually only one note to each syllable in a recitative. Recitative is used for monologues and dialogues that connect the more melodic sections of the opera. In opera multiple characters can express contrasting feelings at the same time when different melodies are combined. This is only possible in opera and cannot be duplicated in spoken drama. An opera chorus generates atmosphere and makes comments on the action. Their sound creates a kind of tonal background for the soloists. Most operas open with a purely orchestral composition called an overture or a prelude. Since the eighteenth century, the music for an overture has been drawn from material heard later in the opera. The overture is thus a short musical statement that involves the audience in the overall dramatic mood. Orchestral introductions to acts in the opera other than the first are always called preludes. Opera was born in Italy. During the late baroque, operas consisted largely of arias linked by recitatives. These recitatives were usually accompanied only by a basso continuo, in which case they are called secco recitatives. At emotional high points and moments of tension, however, they might be supported by the orchestra, they are then called accompanied recitatives. Late baroque arias followed the structure of ABA called da capa aria. Monteverdis Orfeo is considered to be the first great opera. Orfeo is about Orpheus, the gifted musician of Greek mythology. Orpheus, son of the god Apollo, is ecstatically happy after his marriage to Eurydice. But his joy is shattered when his bride is killed by a poisonous snake. Orpheus goes down to hades hoping to bring her back to life. Because of his musical talent, he is granted this privilege, as long as he does not look back at Eurydice while leading her out of hades. Orpheus looks back in a moment of anxiety and Eurydice vanishes. Apollo pities Orpheus and brings him up to heaven, where he can gaze eternally at Eurydices radiance. Orfeo includes recitatives, arias, duets, choruses, and instrumental interludes. Tu se morta in Act II of Orfeo is an example of a secco recitative. Orpheus sings solo in a recitative style with accompaniment by a basso continuo played by an organ and bass lute. The texture of this piece is homophonic, as was popular in early Baroque music. There is no time signature which gives the performer the freedom to portray emotion in their singing. Word painting is also found in this piece. Words such as stelle (stars) and solo (sun) are sung high in the performers register while abissi (abysses) and morte (death) are sung low. Roman opera was based more on religious subjects than on Greek mythology, and it made more use of the choruses. Distinction between recitative and aria began to emerge. The prototype of comic opera were intermezzi, comic interludes between the acts. The principal characteristics of Venetian opera were: more emphasis on formal arias, the beginning of bel canto style and more attention to vocal elegance than to dramatic expression, less use of chorus and orchestral music, complex and improbable plots, elaborate stage machinery, and short fanfare-like instrumental introductions. As compared to Italian opera, the outstanding traits of French opera were: use of ballet, greater importance of the drama, more use of the orchestra and instrumental music, shorter and simpler dance-like airs, careful attention to accentuation of the text, more expressive and melodic recitative, less emphasis on virtuosity, the French overture. In Baroque music, ritornello was the word for a recurring passage for orchestra in the first or final movement of a solo concerto or aria (also in works for chorus). In ritornello form, the tutti opens with a theme called the ritornello (refrain). This theme, always played by the tutti, returns in different keys throughout the movement. However, it usually returns in incomplete fragments In the Prologue of Orfeo there is a recitation by La Musica, there are five verses, each introduced by a ritornello. The same ritornello appears at the end of Act II and at the beginning of Act V. La serva padrona was originally an intermezzo to Pergolesis opera seria Il prigioniero superbo (The Proud Prisoner). The two were premiered on 5 September 1733, the first performance after an earthquake in Naples had caused all theatres to be closed, and celebrated the birthday of the Empress of Habsburg. Il prigioniero was unsuccessful in its day[1] and is not a recognized title in todayà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s operatic repertoire. Eventually the two pieces were separated, and La serva padrona went on to enjoy fame throughout Europe for years after its premiere. The importance of this intermezzo can hardly be overlooked in the history of opera. With a new finale, the French version played a large part in the Querelle des Bouffons. It was appealing because of its presentation of characters that were relatable to any audience, namely the cunning maid and her aging master. La serva padrona is often seen as the quintessential piece that bridges the gap from the Baroque to the Classical period. Owing to its importance, over time it came to be known as more than just an intermezzo and was performed as a stand-alone work. Intermezzo I Dressing room. Uberto, an elderly bachelor, is angry and impatient with his maidservant, Serpina, because she has not brought him his chocolate today. Serpina has become so arrogant that she thinks she is the mistress of the household. Indeed, when Uberto calls for his hat, wig and coat, Serpina forbids him from leaving the house, adding that from then on he will have to obey her orders. Uberto thereupon orders Vespone to find him a woman to marry so that he can rid himself of Serpina. Intermezzo II Same dressing room. Serpina convinces Vespone to trick Uberto into marrying her. She informs Uberto that she is to marry a military man named Tempesta. She will be leaving his home and apologizes for her behavior. Vespone, disguised as Tempesta, arrives and, without saying a word, demands 4,000 crowns for a dowry. Uberto refuses to pay such a sum. Tempesta threatens him to either pay the dowry or marry the girl himself. Uberto agrees to marry Serpina. Serpina and Vespone reveal their trick; but Uberto realizes that he has loved the girl all along. They will marry after all; and Serpina will now be the true mistress of the household. The piece is for bass, soprano, and a mute actor. Opera is the fusion of music, acting, poetry, dance, scenery and costumes. At the end of the sixteenth century a small group of aristocratic intelligentsia, known as the Camerata, met frequently in Florence. The Camerata had the intention of reproducing the combination of words and music which made up Greek theatre. The text was the main focus of this music with all the words being sung naturally, in the same manner as normal speech, and the music must interpret the spirit of the text. This resulted in a new style of music which was mostly homophonic, in contrast to polyphonic music that was popular at the time. The first surviving opera, Peris Euridice in 1600, was a flop, Monteverdis Orfeo seven years later, however, was not. Orfeo managed to fulfil the requirements posed by the Camerata and while also being dramatic and portraying extreme emotion. Over the baroque period opera evolved and developed into different types and varied in different areas. Orfeo was characteristic of a Florentine opera and an opera seria. All forms of opera shared similar musical components such as: solo song, in opera called aria; pieces for two or more solo voices, duet, trio etc; recitative, a singing style that replicated the rhythms and pitch fluctuation of speech; chorus; the orchestra; and the overture, the instrumental introduction to an opera. The various cities of Italy each had variants on the opera. Florentine opera, such as Orfeo, was based off Greek mythology. While Roman opera was based on religious subjects and made more use of choruses. Venetian opera had an emphasis on formal arias, less use of chorus and orchestral music, complex and improbably plots and short fanfare-like introductions. Choruses were nearly non-existent in Neopolitan opera and there was a new style of operatic song, arioso, which was a mix between recitative and aria. Castrati were popular and drew great interest from audiences. Opera spread to France and included the use of ballet, more extreme drama, more use of the orchestra and instrumental music, more expressive and melodic recitative and less emphasis on virtuosity. Towards the end of the Baroque period a new style of opera appeared known as opera buffa. These comic operas originated as intermezzi between the acts of opera serias. Opera buffa differed from opera seria due to its light and humorous subjects, commonplace characters rather than heroic figures, popular tunes replaced the dramatic and formal aria; and characters, subjects and melodies of opera serias were parodied. Pergolesis opera buffa La serva padrona was an intermezzo to Pergolesis opera seria Il prigioniero superbo. Monteverdis Orfeo and Pergolesis La serva padrona show the development and similarities between early baroque and late baroque opera. Whilst the pieces are of differing style and were written over 100 years apart many characteristics of baroque music and opera appear in both. The plots of Orfeo and La serva padrona differ greatly as one is a opera seria and the other an opera buffa. Orfeo tells the tale of Orpheus, the gifted musician of Greek mythology. Orpheus, son of the god Apollo, has just married Eurydice but his joy is soon crushed after she is killed by a poisonous snake. Orpheus goes down to hades hoping to bring her back to life and further drama and tragedy ensues. La serva padrona features the old bachelor Uberto and his maidservant Serpina. Uberto and Serpina are contantly fighting but Serpina manages to trick Uberto into marrying her and becomes the homes mistress. Verspone, a servant of Ubertos, is a mute character but is important to the plot. The opera is light hearted and made up of common people. Over the baroque period the plots of operas changed dramatically in style as can be seen in Orfeo and La serva padrona. All operas were mostly homophonic, this way words could be projected more clearly with only one main melodic line. Both Orfeo and La serva padrona are mostly homophonic. In fact, whilst polyphony came back into fashion as the baroque period progressed, La serva padrona is less adventurous in terms of harmony in comparison to Orfeo. Orfeo makes use of polyphony in choruses, duets and trios. This can be seen in Act I: lo non diro qual sia nel tuo gioir with Euridice, Chorus, Nymph and the Sheperds singing two different melodies in a round-style which eventually join together in a homophonic ending. Excerpt from Orfeo Act I: lo non diro qual sia nel tuo gioir La serva padrona is rather simple, only written for a string quartet and a soprano and bass. The second violins generally double the first violins and the viola generally doubles the bass part one octave higher. The instrumentation of Orfeo is more expansive than that of La serva padrona. Orfeo utilises: 2 clavicembalos, 1 double harp, 2 chitarrones, 2 bass cithers, 3 bass gambas, 2 organs with wood pipes, 1 organ with reed pipes, 2 small violins, 4 violins, 4 violas, 2 violoncellos, 2 contrabass viols, 4 trombones, 2 cornetts, 1 fautino, 1 high trumpet, 3 soft trumpets. Orfeo makes use of this range of instruments through its varying pieces. Orfeo has arias, recitatives, choruses, dances, sinfonias and duets. La serva padrona on the other hand is made up of only arias and recitatives and a duet to end each act. The range of instruments in Orfeo also results in contrast of dynamics between pieces. The use of more and less instruments changes the volume from loud to soft, suddenly, rather than gradually. This is known as terraced dynamics and is characteristic of the baroque period. La serva padrona remains a similar dynamic for most of the opera. Dynamics are altered through the doubling of string parts and the removal of string parts. Two different types of recitative were used in baroque opera. The first being secco recitatives, which were usually accompanied by only a basso continuo. The second being accompanied recitatives which were accompanied by the orchestra. Tu se morta in Act II of Orfeo is an example of a secco recitative. Per altro io penserei in Act II of La serva padrona is an example of an accompanied recitative. This style of recitative is used for an emotional high point in the opera. Arias are also found in both pieces. La serva padrona being a piece of the late baroque period, the arias follow the structure of ABA known as de capa aria. Excerpt from La serva padrona Act II: Per altro io penserei The ascending violin patterns in the excerpt above are an example of the musics use in supporting the text. The fast, ascending, scalic pattern is representative of the excitement and confusion in this piece of the opera. This is a technique known as word painting. Words may be set to higher and lower tones according to the emotion or type of word. This is seen in Te se morta in Act II of Orfeo in which the words stelle (stars) and solo (sun) are sung high in the performers register while abissi (abysses) and morte (death) are sung low. Word painting was used throughout the whole baroque period in opera. Excerpt from Orfeo Act II: Te se morta Beyond the standard soprano, alto, tenor, bass, there were different types of opera voices. These included: coloratura soprano, lyrics soprano, soprano castrato, dramatic soprano, lyric tenor, dramatic tenor, basso buffo, basso profondo. Orfeo makes use of a variety of voice types. Orfeo is performed by a dramatic tenor, due to their powerful voices, while Eurydice and La Musica were performed by soprano castrato. In La serva padrona Uberto is performed by a basso buffo as they could sing very fast and were perfect for comic roles. Serpina is performed by a coloratura soprano which is evident due to her rapid scales and trills and high range. The contrast in voice types in the two operas is due to their different style with one being an opera seria and the other an opera buffa. Reoccurring passages for the orchestra in baroque music are called ritornellos. Ritornellos are found throughout Orfeo. The ritornello is introduced in Act I and it appears at the end of Act II and at the beginning of Act V. Excerpt from Orfeo Act I: Prologo Ritornellos do not appear in La serva padrona as there is only a string quartet and voices. Imitation however does appear. The imitation of various voices of texture was common of the baroque period. Melodic ideas that are shown in one voice appear in other voices as well. Excerpt from La serva padrona Act I: Sempre in contrasti Due to the increased use of homophony in the baroque period chords became much more significant than they were in the past. Basso continuo or figured bass is a bass part that is used together with numbers which specify the chords to be played above it. Usually the bass part is played by the left hand of an organist or harpsichordist and a cellist or bassoonist. In Orfeo the basso continuo is played by many instruments but mainly by organs. In La serva padrona the basso continuo is played by the cello or double bass and is doubled by the viola an octave higher. Basso continuo is a primary characteristic of the baroque period and lasted over all 150 years. Monteverdis Orfeo and Pergolesis La serva padrona both share many characteristics that are common of the baroque period. They also have a few significant differences that are due to the differing style of opera. French and German operas would offer further contrasts to these two Italian operas. On first glance it appears that Orfeo is more evolved and later opera than La serva padroma, this, however, is not true. While Orfeo does offer more instruments and a greater contrast of pieces La serva padroma takes a small part of the first operas and expands on them so that it stands as a genre of opera on its own. The evolution of opera through the baroque period wasnt through the invention of new techniques or massive stylistic changes but rather through refinement of the original techniques and slight tweaks to the musical and lyrics content.

Robert Frost Essay -- essays research papers fc

Robert Frost   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robert Lee Frost, was one of America’s leading 20th Century poets, and a four time winner of the Pulitzer Prize. Frost did not receive these recognitions until his later years when his poetic brilliance was finally recognized. â€Å"Frost was a pioneer in the interplay of rhythm and meter†( Waggoner 1). Frost’s brilliance was contributed by many things; including his life, career, and literary works.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robert Frost was born on March 26, 1874 in San Francisco, California. Frost is the son of William Prescott Frost and Isabelle Moodie Frost. In 1885, Frost’s father died, so his mother, Isabelle, moved the family to Lawrence, Mass., where she was originally from. There Frost would spent the rest of his childhood years. Frost attended Darthmouth College in Lawrence for less than a year after completing high school. Frost quit Dartmouth to work in a textile mill in Lawrence and to marry a high school classmate, Elinor White. Frost later went on a two-year venture at Harvard, after this academic experience disappointed him shortly after, he returned to Lawrence to obtain a variety of jobs. Frost finally became a chicken farmer in Derry, New Hampshire on property his grandfather had bought for him. Frost began at the Pinkerton Academy in Derry to obtain a dependable cash income (Waggoner 1). Frost wrote poems late at night, and put his farm tasks aside when they became bothersome.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 191...

History of Barter System

Barter system Barter system is an age-old method that was adopted by people to exchange their services and goods. This system was used for centuries, before the invention of money. People used to exchange the goods or services for other goods or services in return. Nowadays, barter services has staged a comeback with the advent of more sophisticated techniques that aid trading through the Internet. During ancient times, barter system was a local phenomenon, which involved people in the same locality. However, today barter system has become global. You can now negotiate with the opposite party, regarding the value of the item you want to barter and vice versa. The advantage of bartering is that it does not involve money. You can buy an item in exchange for some other thing you current . The barter system was one of the earliest forms of trading. History of barter system It facilitated exchange of goods and services, as money was not invented in those times. The history of bartering can be traced back to 6000 BC. It is believed that barter system was introduced by the tribes of Mesopotamia. This system was then adopted by the Phoenicians, who bartered their goods to people in other cities located across the oceans. An improved system of bartering was developed in Babylonia too. People used to exchange their goods for weapons, tea, spices, and food items. Sometimes, even human skulls were used for barter. Another popular item used for exchange was salt. Salt was so valuable at that time, that the salary of Roman soldiers was paid in salt. The main drawback of this system was that there was no standard criteria to determine the value of goods and services, and this resulted in disputes and clashes. These problems were sorted out with the invention of money, but the barter system continued to exist in some form or another. The Europeans started traveling across the globe during the Middle Ages and used barter services to trade their goods like furs and crafts to the East, in exchange of perfumes and silks. People of colonial America did not have enough money for business, which was mainly based on barter services. Most of their business consisted of wheat, skins of male deer (bucks), musket balls, etc. They were also experts in exchanging services. If members of one family agreed to help their neighbors in harvesting their crops, the latter would help the former in their task, like roofing their building. The history of barter system can also be linked to the initial years of Oxford and Harvard Universities, where students used to pay their fees as food items, firewood or livestock. Barter services became popular during the Great Depression in the 1930s', which witnessed a scarcity of money. The barter system was used as a way of obtaining things like food and other services. The trading was done between people or through groups, who acted as agents and facilitated third party bartering. These groups were like banks, where people maintained their accounts. In case of sale of any of the items, the account of the owner would be credited and the account of the buyer would be debited. It is worth mentioning that Adolf Hitler also used barter system to collect money for funding the war. He was engaged in barter trading with Greece, Sweden and Russia. Post World War II, the people of Germany too resorted to bartering, as the German currency had lost its value. Barter system has been in use throughout the world for centuries. The invention of money did not result in the end of bartering services. Sometimes, monetary crises fueled the revival of the barter system, and the current recession has once again set a stage for its comeback. Even though money is there for trading and for business, barter system still exists and has become more strong and organized. ly have, but don't want. This type of trading can be done through swap markets and online auctions.

HR Practices in Pakistan and UK The WritePass Journal

HR Practices in Pakistan and UK CHAPTER 1 HR Practices in Pakistan and UK CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1 INTRODUCTION:1.2 Realistic Background:1.3 Research Aim and Objectives:1.3.1 Research Aim:1.3.2 Research Objectives:1.4 Organisation of Work:INTRODUCTION1.4.1 Literature Review1.4.2 Research Methodology1.4.3Findings and Results1.4.4 Conclusion1.4.5 Reflection1.6.6 ReferencesCHAPTER 22.1 Preface:2.2 Integrative structure of planned Global Individual Source Organization (GISO):2.3 Hierarchy of Human Resource themes (what is GISO and how it works):2.4 Global Individual Source Organization (GISO)2.4.1 Definition of Global Individual Source Organization (GISO):2.5 Obtainable Global Individual Source Organization (GISO) Replicas2.6 Global Individual Source Organization (GISO) Courses policies2.7 Nationwide, Educational as well as lawful dissimilarities among United Kingdom Pakistan:Chart 2.7.1: Essential details concerning United Kingdom Pakistan2.7.2 Relative Structure Sensible: Chart 2.7.2: Structure Functional for relative learning of United Kingdom Pakistan2 .8 Employment Association (United Kingdom Asia): 2.9 Ability Configuration:2.10 Recompense schemes: 2.11 Service Safety: 2.12 Importance of Training in an organisation:2.13 Human Resource Practices in UK and Pakistan:2.13.1 HR Practices in Pakistan:2.13.2 HR Practices in UK:Related The importance of recruitment and selection practices also known as Human Resource Management (HRM) could not be taken lightly. All national and multinational organisations rely on its most important resource – the people working in it to carry out its goals and visions. Organisations do not work without the people. The Human Resource therefore takes care of a very essential component of the organisation. Thus, it deserves to be given due consideration and importance. The proposed research will be focused upon to investigate the comparison of HR practices in Pakistan and UK multinational organisations. In the recent past so many research findings have been produced about the implementation of HR practices in Pakistan but it is evident that HR practices are not fully implemented and what are the main causes and factors due to which these practices are not implemented. On the other hand the HR practices in developed countries like United Kingdom play important in the success of the multinational organisations. Thus along with comparison this study will also reveal the effect of HRM practices in developed countries like United Kingdom and under developed countries like Pakistan. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION: This chapter summarizes a brief overview of the entire dissertation. In this context, this chapter presents a brief introduction of the identified objectives. Background section of this chapter details research conducted to conclude main area of research. Some others topics include literature review, methodology, findings and results. Rest of this chapter has been organized as follows. In section 1, we present aims and objectives of our research study. Section 2 presents background study and research challenges are covered in section 3. At last in section 4 we present organization of this dissertation. International projects that are increasing their actions universally are uncovered to increase knowledge in the variety of ways according to their situation. They are familiar with choosing problem among an internationally consistent strategy a nearby adaptive strategy in their global individual source strategies. Asia is the best rising district on the earth (Economist 2003, 2005; Fortune 2004) plus is motionless under-researched evaluated to Europe as well as the United States. The financial systems of the nations underneath learning are frequently grouped jointly as being underpinned by Asian principles although restricted traditions, organizations, as well as work powers vary in every of the chosen states. Known the local variation in financial expansion, the assortment of state permits examination of move together to higher financial systems such as Singapore as well as less-developed financial systems such as Thailand plus Indonesia. The instant region of attention of this learning is the relocate of Human Resource strategies and their performance in United Kingdom headquarters (HQ) and supplementary in Pakistan. To know about how they use their HR practices and HR department to motivate their employees so that their performance should be at their best just like the HQ employees who has been working in a developed country. To know about the contrast of these employees the researchers is working on these variables, Motivation, Training and hiring of the employees. After studying Japanese organizations western writers and parishioners have found that workforce management (utilization) is one of the main reasons of their success. This has a great influence on the writers, parishioners and the researchers to consider proper use of workforce in western organizations. Later on this style was termed as ‘Human Resource Management’ or HRM. At present, many organizations has functional personnel department known as Human Resource (HR) with the basic aim of managing their employees in an efficient manner. 1.2 Realistic Background: At the same time as those kinds of keys are essential as well as sufficient to accomplish several of the managerial Human Resource jobs, the excellence of recompense, expansion plus guidance procedure to name immediately a little are not optimized with the similar severity in each state as those relating to the manufactured goods plus services that the own MNEs proffer. This require for the Human Resource purpose to competition the excellence of the manufactured goods as well as service commerce has lead to a rising attention of the MNEs’ headquarters in global Human Resource. People working individually or collectively for the organisation are the essential and most valued elements of human resource management. HRM is considered as a strategic and detailed approach for the management of the organisation. ‘Personnel’ management term was used before the concept of HRM. According to Grant and Oswick (1996) of practitioners views on HRM said â€Å"There is and always was a gradual evolution of personnel management. I see HRM as just the latest stage of this evolution.† In Pakistan the HRM process is in developing or infancy stage. In Pakistan and other under developed countries the HRM practices are not fully implemented. According to Beer et al, Human Resource Management affects the relationship between organisations and employees with the decision making. According to Pettigrew and Whip (1991) HRM is a total set of knowledge, skills and attitude that a firm need to compete. It includes matters like hiring, firing and training and actions concerning people such as employee relations, compensations and development. Such actions and matters can be brought up together through the creation of human resource management philosophy. HRM is the reflection of policies and objectives set by the management. These policies and objectives closely related and interlinked to each other. To obtain the objective of the organisation HRM function of planning pertains to arriving at an efficient process. It helps the company to achieve its goals. Organisation gathers and coordinates the resources needed to implement the plan. Human resource management organize the company structure form the relationships and allocate th e resources to attain the objectives. Directing refers to the human resource management function that leads and supervises employees to attain the company objectives. Finally, controlling is confirming if the plan is carried out in actual situation. 1.3 Research Aim and Objectives: 1.3.1 Research Aim: According to previous studies and researches the researchers have done allot of hard work on the specific field of HRM but this research only comprise the developed countries where human resource management plays an important role in the development of multinational organisations. However less consideration has been given and not too much research has been done with context to under developed countries like Pakistan. Mostly the comparison revealed from past journals, books and magazines has shown that either one country has been thoroughly researched or two developed or under developed countries are compared. But this research tends to draw attentions towards the adaption of human resource management techniques and their behaviour in multinational organisations of both developed country like United Kingdom where HR practices are fully implemented and under developed country like Pakistan where HRM techniques are not used on same footings as of developed country and their results. 1.3.2 Research Objectives: To investigate about the status and nature of HR practices with respect to both countries. To conduct studies pertaining to human resources of both countries. To understand the influence of cultural, social, economic, political and business environment on HR practices with respect to Pakistan and UK. To suggest improvements to current HR standards imposed in Pakistan and UK. To suggest suitable model of HR. To give recommendation for successful implementation of HRM model. 1.4 Organisation of Work: INTRODUCTION All possible steps will be taken in order to make easy for readers about the finding of research. This dissertation is structured into SEVEN categories which are: LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH METHADOLOGY FINDINDS DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONRECOMENDATIONS REFLECTION REPORT The layout of chapters for this report is as follows; 1.4.1 Literature Review Literature review is one of the important sections of our work. We understand that literature review provides a based to understand the importance of HR activities in GISO. The term HR activities here imply role and practices of HRM, SHRM and its implementation in GISO. This chapter also focuses on the strategy and elaborates the link between strategy and HRM in the selected GISO. 1.4.2 Research Methodology The main aim of this chapter is to discuss different methods and techniques for investigation in selected area. We will discuss research philosophy principle (positivism, realism and interpretive), qualitative analysis, secondary and primary data and also different types of interviews. In this chapter conclusions are made to identify various approaches and techniques needed to conduct our research study. 1.4.3Findings and Results Research findings and derived results are presented in this chapter. These results are drawn from the interview and data collection from the managers/owners of the selected GISO’s. 1.4.4 Conclusion This chapter presents research finding and derived results of our research study. In this chapter focus is also given on the aims and objectives of our research especially in the context of HR activities in the selected GISO’s. One important aspects of this chapter is the listed factors and reasons that are derived. We believe these factors and reasons can persuade business managers and owners to integrate HR and business strategies in selected GISO’s. Moreover, they can also be helpful in promoting the whole idea among the GISO’s. 1.4.5 Reflection This chapter presents our own reflection in terms of learning process based on research findings and conclusions of carried out research study. 1.6.6 References We have studied different books, academic papers and articles to build the foundation of our project. In references section we have listed all of literature we have studies in our research study. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Preface: The preceding section initiated and summarized this learning. This section presents the literature review of this study, which is related to the shift of strategies as well as performance in global individual source organization. Primarily, an integrative structure for learning global individual source matters is obtainable. Next the general idea of literature argues present thoughts in the close relative regulations (Perry 2003). These are initial, global individual source organization, next, nationwide, educational as well as lawful dissimilarities among United Kingdom as well as Pakistan, third, international projects their collision on individual source matters, plus the instant regulation, shift of individual source strategies as well as perform from international projects headquarters to auxiliary. 2.2 Integrative structure of planned Global Individual Source Organization (GISO): This part begins with the introduction of an integrative structure of planned global individual source organization. Its arrangements as well as inferences for this section are discussed. This structure is believed in determining an idea inside the field of Planned Global Individual Source Organization (PGISO) moreover it is extensively used as a structure for study plus educational coaching in the field of global Human resource. The frame is motionless suitable and present, in spite of the rising attention inside the field of Global Individual Source Organization (PGISO) more than the last 10 years (Evans 2003; Fisher Haertel 2004; Rowley Benson 2004; Schuler Budhwar 2002). As Pawan and Bahadur says ‘The impact of HRM policies on organisational performance is fully mediated by employee skills, attitudes, and behaviour. The paper concludes that although the motivation to perform HRM policy domain causes organisational performance, through employee attitudes, it may be supported that organisational performance positively moderates the effectiveness of this HRM policy domain, raising thus the question of reverse causality†(Anastasia, katou,Bahadur,2009). The HRM is concerned with the effective and efficient use of the organizations’ human resources. Hence, the human resource management runs the operations and as part of the functions of the HR departments is to attract the potential employees and by attracting the best applicants it is important that the HR management already prepared the strategies to help the hired employees perform well. Through the use of job analysis, the employees that are hired were trained and the expected them to perform the appropriate function effectively (Zafar, 2005). As in the words of Paul Gooderham†HRM promotes firm performance and firms have sufficient managerial autonomy to select HRM practices independently†(Gooderham and Nordhaug 2009). 2.3 Hierarchy of Human Resource themes (what is GISO and how it works): Schuler (1994; 2003) plus others (Briscoe 1996; Nankervis; Rowley Benson 2003) observed a hierarchy in the difficulty of human resources (HR) themes. The base is individual source organization in the firm at the nationwide stage. Individual Source Organization (ISO) comprises the majority human resources management jobs, such as payroll, as well as the themes of employing, presentation organization, preparation, expansion, recompense as well as advantages, as fine as manual labour relationships (Dowling, Schuler Welch 1994). Further difficulty is new when leaving single stage senior to Global Individual Source Organization (GISO), which comprises Individual Source Organization (ISO) as well as inserts the confronts of general, educational as well as lawful dissimilarities among the states of the firm’s actions (Adler 1986; Briscoe 1995; Dowling, Schuler Welch 1994; Fisher Hartwell 2003). 2.4 Global Individual Source Organization (GISO) This part describes an impression of GISO within the literature by talking about numerous obtainable GISO replicas. Three directions of MNE strategies towards GISO are argued. 2.4.1 Definition of Global Individual Source Organization (GISO): GISO descriptions are widespread; GISO matters merely discover features of Human Resource Management in MNEs (Briscoe 1995). For others ‘planned global individual source organization is no further than the request of GISO to the global or global commerce background’ (For this study a clear-cut explanation of Global Individual Source Organization (GISO) is used: GISO comprise of a compilation of strategies as well as perform that an international project uses to run the limited as well as non-local staff; it has in nations other than their residence nations. (Acclimatized from: Dowling, Schuler Welch 1994) 2.5 Obtainable Global Individual Source Organization (GISO) Replicas Some theoretical replicas look for to explain plus forecast how MNEs may demeanor Global Individual Source Organization (GISO) on a theoretical stage from a worldwide, planned viewpoint (Evans 1989, Pucik Barsoux 2002; Milliman, Von Glinow Nathan 1991; Nankervis, Compton 1999; Schuler 1993; Taylor, Beechler Napier 1996). What MNEs in fact perform as well as, further highly, how they accomplish it is not so fine filed. Afterward replicas identify additional interior also exterior issues to clarify MNEs options of Global Individual Source Organization (GISO) schemes. 2.6 Global Individual Source Organization (GISO) Courses policies An explorative GISO course is single in which the close relative firms Human Resource Management scheme is being moved to its dissimilar associates. This policy highlights incorporation crossways the entire associates. The unenthusiastic feature of such an explorative GISO policy is its rigidity. This might show the way to an ethnocentric course from Head Quarters (HQ) plus as a result, associates may be resisted to the compulsory perform (Adler 2001). The next, an adaptive GISO course is single in which every associate expands its personal Human Resource Management scheme, dazzling the restricted surroundings. The unenthusiastic feature of such an adaptive GISO policy is it’s require of internationally suitable principles as well as perhaps a group of incompetence due to the manifold formations of comparable strategies as well as schemes (Roberts,. 2000). The third, an integrative GISO course, together unites individuality of the close relative corporations Human Resource Management scheme with individuals of its global associates, as well as tries to obtain ‘the most excellent’ Human Resource Management strategies plus employ them all through the association. Shifting of Human Resource Management strategies as well as performance happens plus can go away in several ways, among associates or from single associate to Head Quarters (HQ) or from Head Quarters (HQ) to an associate (Taylor, Beechler Napier 1996). If realized fine, the integrative strategy is obviously the attractive win-win answer. The likely unenthusiastic feature is that the last GISO strategies of an MNE might symbolize the lowest ordinary denominator quite than surroundings global principles (Kostova 1999). Containing recognized the dissimilar alternatives of GISO in words of an explorative, adaptive as well as integrative strategy; the query is how to make a decision which alternative to decide. 2.7 Nationwide, Educational as well as lawful dissimilarities among United Kingdom Pakistan: This part primarily contrasts the states United Kingdom plus Pakistan on a macroeconomic stage plus after that continues to talk about a structure for relative learning on Human Resource Management matters. Moreover, civilization is described as well as a contrast of the educational dissimilarities of the nations founded on four writers’ replicas, is offered. Chart 2.7.1: Essential details concerning United Kingdom Pakistan Contrast United Kingdom Pakistan Populace(millions) 83.5 18.7 GDP (billion US$)* 2259 451.2 GDP for each head(US$)* 35,100 2,400 Labour force(millions) 31.45% 55.77 Inflation rate 3.3 % 13.4% Joblessness 7.9 % 15% Faith 71.6%Christian 95 %Muslims (Source: World Fact Book 2010) *= founded on buying authority equivalence 2.7.2 Relative Structure Sensible: Relative learning on state stages countenances the difficulty of opposing styles plus information (Rowley Benson 2002). Nonetheless an effort is completed underneath to present a prà ©cis of the nations beneath learning, relating the relative structure of Velma, Kocher plus Lansbury (1996) in chart 2.8.2. Chart 2.7.2: Structure Functional for relative learning of United Kingdom Pakistan United Kingdom Pakistan Employment Association Wide exercise of skill to amplify suppleness plus output of labour force. Mainly prejudiced by attendance of American MNEs’ local Head Quarters. Ability Configuration Fine skilled labour force with stress on occupational preparation plus sensible learning. Management drives elevated stages of teaching.Extremely incomplete attempt from the confidential division. Recompense schemes Although an elevated earnings state, genuine incomes have been in refuse for years. Comparatively consistently dispersed disburse levels between businesses occupations. Earnings have been continually increasing in actual words with elevated manifolds of compensate levels as the standard. Pakistan is not a contemptible work site any longer. Service Safety Elevated servicesafety as well as labour force faithfulness with lawful defence of the labour force in recessions that creates saversCautious to get bigger in improvements. Extremely livelywork marketplacewithout compulsion on company to offerEnduring service or work safety. Business Supremacy Communal negotiating well-built locations of the combinations that are as well symbolized on the panels of managers (co- willpower). Communally awfully steady. Corporatist scheme where the country forces work in a position secondary to administration financial rule. Generally steady. (Sources: Briscoe 1995; Herkenhoff 2000; Kamoche 2000; Lawler Siengthai 1998; Verma, Kochan Lansbury 1995). 2.8 Employment Association (United Kingdom Asia): United Kingdom utilizes skill to enlarge suppleness plus output of the labor force, Pakistan is powerfully prejudiced by American MNEs containing their Asia Head Quarters in Pakistan. Thailand is prejudiced in its job association by Buddhism as well as the physically powerful attendance of the kingdom Indonesia, being quite rigid, utilizes its plentiful labor force with not a lot attempt to amplify output. (Briscoe 1995; Kamoche 2000; Lawler Siengthai 1998; Verma, Kochan Lansbury 1995). 2.9 Ability Configuration: Pakistan have a profusion of inexpert work, with lacks in guidance as well as accomplished work, at the same time in Pakistan the administration vigorously forces for elevated stages of teaching as well as guidance. In United Kingdom the importance is on sensible learning, intensely entrenched in the scheme throughout professional guidance (Briscoe 1995; Kamoche 2000). 2.10 Recompense schemes: United Kingdom is elevated earnings kingdom with Pakistan being a contemptible work state. Whereas incomes plus salaries are dispersed comparatively consistently in United Kingdom, creating it extremely luxurious for low accomplished work, where as Pakistan is further used to elevate manifolds of disburse levels (Herkenhoff 2000; Kamoche 2000). 2.11 Service Safety: The additional Asian nations have lively work marketplaces as well as small employee faithfulness with the United States being the responsibility replica for Pakistan. The United Kingdom work marketplaces is very much controlled plus defended, therefore not self-motivated, with elevated employee devotion. United Kingdom defends their labour force lawfully in opposition to suspends, resultant in extra cautious developments throughout financial improvements (Briscoe 1995; Lawler Siengthai 1996). 2.12 Importance of Training in an organisation: One of the important element of HRM beside selection and hiring of employees is the training of employees. It is an essential tool for an organisation and plays an important role in enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of the employees. It is beneficial for both the employee and the employer because when an organisation provides effective training to its employees they will in return be able to put that training in practice. Training is also important for employees to help them to cope themselves with the rapid or slow changes within the organisation. That is the reason that organisations put high regard on giving training to its employees Wright et al (1992). With the help of effectively conducted training programmes a large number of potential benefits can be obtained by individuals as well as organisations. With respect to their position trainees may gain greater intrinsic or extrinsic job satisfaction. Intrinsic satisfaction comes from performing a task well and extrinsic job satisfaction may be derived from extra earnings gained by performing well in an organisation which can also become the cause of enhancement of career and promotion prospects both inside and outside the organisation. On the other hand organisations benefits from increase in employee work performance and productivity Welch (1994). 2.13 Human Resource Practices in UK and Pakistan: To evaluate the present structure of HRM with respect to both countries, the author would also analyse the key factors affecting on HRM, which include, culture, political, economic social context, Institutions, education system and the present structure of HR in Pakistan, but the focal point of this study would be training practices of multinational banks having branches both in UK and Pakistan. According to Peter F. Drucker â€Å"People are definitely the companys greatest assets. It doesnt make a difference whether the product is cars or cosmetics. A company is as good as the people keep it.† 2.13.1 HR Practices in Pakistan: Pakistan was established on August 14, 1947. Today in 2011, sixty three years later, Pakistan is still experiencing growing pains. As a young nation Pakistan is facing a number of struggles to become a sustainable development country so that along with the national companies foreign companies should also do investment here. For this reason it is struggling hard to attain sustainable development particularly in the field of Human Resource management. From past 2 decades as the business started to grow up and foreign investment started to come in the country a large number of obstacles have been seen particularly in the field of improving and managing the human resource effectively. At this point Pakistan, the human resource management situation in Pakistan is far from being excellent. In some private sectors, HR department is present but it is not fully functional. The Army in Pakistan is a bit organized but still experiences some lapses in other areas. The multinational companies fai r better in the human resource department because they have management tools perfectly in place. The human resource techniques used in Pakistan in past need to be re-examined because they only managed to create a group of unskilled qualified man power and unproductive organizations. The issues or problems surrounding the human resource management all falls under the functions of HRM discipline. The issues revolve around several aspects such as: Job Analysis and Design: The function of human resource management is to monitor constantly the everyday performance of the organisation as everyday has new performance implication Guest, D (2001). In Pakistan most of the times the employees found themselves in an overlapping situation. One of the main reasons for this is that the job description and specifications are not properly outlined. This results in a situation where employees found themselves in an overlapping situation and take pressure and burden of work which makes them less productive and stops them to achieve their targets of job. Work Flow Process: In Pakistan the work flow process is not given much attention and is not implemented very well. This results in finishing a task longer time than in routine. In order to complete a task those processes are also done which are not necessary for the accomplishment of the task. Consequently, people end up doing more work that does not lead to the achievement of their goals. It also makes the management process seemed more complicated and time-consuming Singh K (2004). Recruitment and Selection: Nepotism and mal are the main hurdles which are responsible to curtail the process of hiring and selection in many government and private organisations. However with the introduction of new procedures the recruitment and selection process is getting better. In the private sector things look rosier since hiring is based on the qualifications of the applicant. Even if he is referred by the incumbent still the person they will hire needs to come up with certain performance standards to be able to remain in the organization. Work Environment: The office environment in Pakistan does not meet the standard of health and safety and sanitation standards. This is particularly noticeable in the government sector. The office does not provide a hospitable working environment that encourages productivity. The rooms usually do not have proper seating arrangements and cleanliness is ignored. However with the establishment of multinational companies and banks the environment on whole is getting better as they follow strict international standards of health and safety.Hierarchy: Government sector hierarchy is quite complicated in Pakistan. Expressing the point of view is quite difficult which can cost the employee his job. The officers in higher positions demand following of protocols complete with paraphernalia which costs money for the government. In the private sector, hierarchy is sometimes ignored where as in multinational organisations it is on very small scale. Working Hours: Working in the government requires that the employee report for work at 8am in the morning everyday even if they don’t do anything at that time. The employees usually come in at 8 then hop on a government vehicle to visit various offices for networking, socialize. At lunchtime they go home, rest then come back at 5pm in the evening and work until 9pm. This working technique allows worker to be committed to their jobs and learn hard work and perseverance. Performance Appraisal: The ACR in the government can either make or break careers. It is not unusual to see bending or distorting of appraisal to make the report more favourable to the employee. One report could spell a huge difference in a person’s career such as job promotion. Performance effectiveness often means not showing excellent performance but closer ties with the boss. The person in the higher position often does not bother to socialize with subordinates because they do not give feedback to the boss. Systems and SOPs: Government has some systems in place although some need improvement. The local NGO (non government organisation) sector does not have any system at all as they do whatever they want. The private sector such as multi-national companies is in a much better shape since they have established system for company activities. Reward System: Money is often seen as the only motivator even if employees are not compensated well. A vivid example of this is a police officer and an ordinary police man, the former often receives a number of privileges at work the latter however does not. The reward system could not possibly motivate people or be a real ‘reward system’ since excellent performances is not recognized by being promoted in the job or incurring a higher salary. Just as bad performance does not incur disciplinary measures for the employee. The reward system is virtually non-existent. Career Development: Employees often could not aspire for growth because of the presence of political red tape that poses as obstacles to be able to attain job promotions or, at least, a higher salary. Training and Development: Several national and international trainings are financed by the government for employees. These trainings however are dimmed by intrigues as the motive behind the selection of employees to be trained is often under suspicion Cooke, F (2002). The relevance of training and its applicability to the job is under scrutiny since it was found out that most Pakistani officials avail of international trainings to be able to experience travelling and have shopping trips. Aside from these pressing issues facing the sustainable advancement of human resource in Pakistan, more issues hound them such as: Cost benefit analysis is not used in management decisions to determine the feasibility of a certain project or undertaking. The education policies are not applicable to the industrial requirements. Education is more focus on the theoretical aspect rather than the practical aspect of the profession. Most professional malpractices are brought about by political pressures. People are not chosen for the right jobs. Consequently, jobs become a daily routine. People have ulterior motives that cater to their own interest even if it does not contribute to the advancement of the organization. Poor leadership. Diversity and innovation is not practiced in most companies whether government-owned or private. Lack of opportunities for growth. Low motivation. Passive behaviours. Management by Objectives (MBO) is not in place. Multitasking is not practiced among government employees. Pay is not based on performance level of an employee. Commitment level is very low. There is a noticeable lack of specialists in some subjects. Deficient research in the area. Improper Communication within the organization. Inflexibility. Wrong perceptions. Many organizations don’t have a vision on where the company is heading. Short term vision Government spent money to improve human resource but due to lack of planning, the expected positive result was not realized. Pakistan struggles to secure a place in the League of Nations because of poor human resource management in the past. Working is not enough if not given proper support and credit. These, however, are manageable issues once Pakistan resolves them. 2.13.2 HR Practices in UK: Human resource practice in UK can be considered as a perfect example of successful HRM techniques in developed countries. Comparing with Pakistan HRM practiced in UK can be said as the other side of the coin. Comparatively human resource practices in United Kingdom are more in place than in Pakistan. With hundreds of multinational companies and thousands of national companies all over United Kingdom a large workforce is working having a multi cultural background. Employees are offered an attractive salary and are also given benefits. In order to maintain the standard facilities, training and work conditions are also better as standards are needed to be adhered to. Government and private organisations work hand in hand to ensure that laws, policies and systems are practiced and carried out. As a testament to this, a number of skilled labourers also migrated to the United Kingdom from countries such as India, Philippines and Pakistan due to the more favourable working conditions in the UK Brewster et al (2004). This may come as a huge surprise then that in the latest survey of 2000 UK employees commissioned by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) revealed that relationships between employers and employees in a number of workplaces are described as having poor communication, trust is at low levels which leads to underperformance, low productivity and high staff turnover. In a book called Working Life: Employee Attitudes and Engagement 2006 written by Catherine Truss, Emma Soane and Christine Edwards from the School of Human Resource Management at the Kingston Business School, Kingston University and Karen Wisdom, Andrew Croll and Jamie Burnett from Ipsos MORI. The authors believe that the main problem in HR practices in UK revolves around communication and trust. In so many ways, it is similar to a marriage under stress: Mike Emmott, CIPD employee relations adviser, said: Lack of communication means many employees feel unsupported and dont feel their hard work is recognized. As a result the sparkle has gone out of the relationship, damaging productivity levels in many UK businesses.